Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

Anatomy

The study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts.

Physiology

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

Involves examining large structures without a microscope, like dissecting a cadaver.

Microscopic anatomy

Deals with structures that require magnification to be seen.

Histology

The examination of tissues, groups of specialized cells working together.

Sign

An objective disease indication, like a fever.

Symptom

A subjective disease indication, like tiredness or nausea.

Scientific method

A system of advancing knowledge starting with a hypothesis and testing it through observation and experimentation.

Chemical/molecular level

Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter, combining to form molecules.

Cellular level

Cells are the smallest living unit in the body.

Tissue level

Groups of cells working together to perform specific functions.

Organ level

Two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function.

Organ system level

Large organs interacting to perform particular functions.

Organism level

All body organ systems working together to maintain life and health.

Terminologia Anatomica

A standard for human anatomical terminology established by FCAT and IFAA in 1998.

Anatomical position

Standard reference with hands at sides, palms forward, and feet together.

Anatomical quadrants

Divide the body into quadrants for reference.

Anatomical regions

Specific areas used for reference, giving a more precise location of a structure.

Homeostasis

The existence of a stable internal environment through physiological processes.

Positive feedback

Increases the change that triggered it.

Negative feedback

Opposes variations from normal, involved in most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms.

Dynamic equilibrium

A state of balance between continuing processes.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Ionic bond

Formed between a cation and an anion.

Covalent bond

Formed between two uncharged atoms.

Hydrogen bond

A strong bond between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.

Polar covalent bonds

Bonds that hold water molecules together.

Hydrogen bonds

Bonds that attract individual water molecules to one another.

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion that can be transferred to another object to do work.

Potential energy

Stored energy with the potential to do work.

Hydrolysis reactions

Reactions involving the decomposition of a molecule using water.

Dehydration synthesis reactions

Reactions forming molecules by removing water from the reaction.

Activation energy

The energy required for a reaction to occur.

Enzyme

Provides an alternate pathway for a reaction, reducing the activation energy needed.

Inorganic compounds

Lack carbon; organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen as the base.

Organic compounds

Contain carbon and hydrogen as the base; inorganic compounds do not.

Ionic compound

Dissociates when placed in water.

Electrolyte

A compound that conducts electricity when dissociated in water.

Hydrophobic compounds

Do not dissolve in water, separate from it.

Hydrophilic compounds

Dissolve in water and create a substance.

Buffer

A solution with stabilized pH due to weak acid and its conjugate strong base or vice versa.

Cytosol

Mixture of water & dissolved/insoluble materials in which organelles are suspended; also known as intracellular fluid.

Cytoplasm

Material between plasma membrane & nucleus membrane; consists of cytosol, organelles, & inclusions.

Microvilli

Small extensions of plasma membrane increasing surface area for absorption.

Smooth ER

Membranous network without ribosomes, active in lipid metabolism.

Centrioles

Form spindle apparatus during cell division, composed of microtubules.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies & packages secretions, adds/removes carbohydrates to proteins.

Cilia

Extensions containing microtubules, primary acts as sensor, motile cilia move materials.

Lysosomes

Enzyme-containing vesicles for intracellular digestion.

Flagella

Whip-like extensions for cell movement.

Peroxisomes

Vesicles containing degradative enzymes for catabolism.

Ribosomes

Organelles synthesizing proteins, fixed on RER or free in cytoplasm.

Mitochondria

Double-membrane organelles producing ATP from glucose.

Rough ER

Membranous network with ribosomes, active in protein synthesis.

Proteosomes

Organelles disassembling damaged proteins for recycling.

Nucleus

Organelle containing genetic material, control center of the cell.

Nucleolus

Organelle synthesizing rRNA & assembling ribosomal subunits.

Epithelial Tissues

Cover exposed surfaces, line internal pathways, and produce glandular secretions.

Polarity

Presence of structural and functional differences between exposed and attached surfaces.

Avascularity

Lack of blood vessels.

Apical Surface

Exposed to external or internal environment; Basal Surface:Where cells attach to underlying cells or tissues.

Microvilli

Increase surface area for absorption; Cilia:Move substances over epithelial surfaces.

Cell Junctions

Specialized areas of the plasma membrane attaching cells to each other or extracellular materials.

Gap Junctions

Cells held together by conexxons; Tight Junctions:Cells held together by membrane proteins.

Desmosomes

Strong interconnections resisting stretching and twisting, with spot and hemi types.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Thin and fragile, characteristic of regions where secretion and absorption occur.

Gland

Organ producing substances like hormones or milk.

Endocrine Glands

Bring substances in; Exocrine Glands:Excrete waste from the body.

Goblet Cells

Produce mucins.

Merocrine Secretions

Eject materials through exocytosis

Necrosis

The tissue destruction that takes place after cells have been damaged or killed.

Pus

A collection of debris, fluid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue components.

Abscess

An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space.

Apocrine Secretions

Cell loses cytoplasm and secretory product

Holocrine Secretion

Cell bursts, releasing secretion.