The extent of change in carr and treatment

What happened with hospital care from 18th century

More people were treated in a hopsital, but this led to less sanitary conditions

Who was Florence nightingale

A British nurse in the Crimean war who encouraged better hygiene in hospitals and improved training of nurses to reduce the death rate

What did nightingale notice in crimea

The high death rate among soldiers

What changed did. nightingale and 38 other nurses make

Wards were cleaner of any dirt

Organisation improved

Patients were given clean bedding and meals

Death rate change under nightingale in crimea

Death rate fell from 40% to 2% in 6 months

What did nightingale do after returning to Britain

Campaigned for cleaner hospitals and improved training for nurses

What did nightingale do in 1859

She wrote “notes on nursing”

What did nightingale do in 1860

She set up the Nightingale School for Nurses

What influence did nightingale also have on hospitals

Influenced the way they were designed. By 1900 they looked very different- they were built from materials that could be easily cleaned and had separate wards

Describe surgery in the eighteenth century

Dangerous. Patients faced the problems of pain, infection and bleeding

What is an anaesthetic

A chemical used to make a patient unconscious during surgery and so remove pain

What was the first anaesthetic

Chloroform

Who discovered chloroform and when

James Simpson 1847

Dosage of chloroform

Doctors had to be careful because the dosage had to be carefully controlled

What happened with chloroform in 1848

Hannah Greener died from an overdose during an operation to have her toenail removed

What happened with chloroform in 1853

Given the royal blessing by Queen Victoria after she used it during the birth of her son

How was the problem of infection overcome

In 1865 by Joseph Lister when he used carbolic acid to clear bacteria from wounds of patients- antiseptic surgery

What is antiseptic surgery

The removal of bacteria from an operation. Lister used carbolic acid to wash a surgeons hands, soak bandages and spray the air directly around the wound

Problem with listers idea and carbolic acid

Listers ideas faced opposition because the medical profession took time to understand the germ theory

Carbolic acid was unpleasant to use, it dried out the skin of surgeons and left an odd smell

What was used from 1890

Aseptic surgery

What is aseptic surgery

Surgery that takes place in a strictly germ- free environment