Unit 9 (pt. 2) - Psychological Disorders & Treatments - AP Psychology

I would suggest turning off the "written" option for questions in the settings, as the descriptions are often to descriptive for that format.

Psychotherapy

Talk therapy, helps people improve mental well-being and cope with mental health conditions

Therapeutic Alliance

Connection b/w patient and therapist, the agreement to work together to improve client’s well-being.

Psychotropic Medication Therapy

Medications prescribed to treat mental disorders. Works by altering chemicals in the brain.

Deinstitutionalization

Moving mental health patients out of long-term facilities to community-based care settings.

Psychoanalysis

Freud’s idea to reach into the unconscious using free association, hypnosis, and dream interpretation.

Free association

Say whatever comes to mind, uncensored

Hypnosis

Shown effectiveness for treating pain and anxiety

Dream Interpretation

Interpreting what dreams mean in the context of unconscious mind/thoughts

Transference

Feelings patients felt in earlier relationships projected onto the analyst.

Humanistic Therapy

Focuses of people’s potential for self-fulfillment/self-actualization. Focuses on the present, future, and conscious thoughts.

Active Listening

Empathetic listening where the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.

Client (Person) Centered Therapy

Therapist should show genuineness, acceptance, and empathy to show unconditional positive regard.

Behavior Therapy

Focuses on the problem behaviors rather than inner thoughts, motives, or emotions.

Applied Behavioral Analysis

Therapy to help people w autism and other developmental disorders change their behaviors. Breaks down complex skills into smaller, manageable steps.

Exposure Therapies

Gradually exposing people to the object they fear in a safe environment. Considered a behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Mary Cover Jones

Unconditioning of the fear reaction in infants.

Systematic Desensitization

One behavioral technique to extinguish anxiety is systematic desensitization where a patient is exposed to an anxiety producing stimulus gradually until it is extinct.

Aversive Conditioning

A type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

Aversion Therapy

Takes on the psychological problems with a conditioning procedure designed to make tempting stimulus less provocative by pairing them with an unpleasant stimuli.

Token Economy

System that involves distribution of “tokens” or indicators of reinforcement depending on desired behaviors.

Biofeedback

Electronic device used to monitor physiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, etc. Displayed on a monitor and doctor guides patient to control said responses.

Cognitive therapy

Cognitive therapists try to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking. (cognitive restructuring)

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Therapy combines a cognitive emphasis on thoughts and attitudes with the behavioral strategies.

Fear Hierarchy

A treatment tool that helps people confront their fears by gradually exposing them to feared situations. Starts with list of fears ranking them in order of least-most anxiety inducing.

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

Used to help people with mental health conditions involving regulating emotions. Key strategies involve mindfulness, healthy coping, emotional regulation, etc.

Cognitive Triad

Shows how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are connected. Suggests that negative views about the world, oneself, and future are all interlinked.

Albert Ellis - Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

Philosophy of living — not events in our lives which cause emotions, but our beliefs which cause us to experience the emotion. A - Event, B - Belief about event, C - Emotional responseto said belief

Biomedical Approach

Treats psychological disorders by changing the brain’s chemistry with drugs, its circuitry with surgery, or patterns of activity with pulses of electricity or magnetic fields.

What are Antidepressants?

Medication used to treat clinical depression and other conditions such as anxiety or OCD.

Side effects of antidepressants?

Upset stomach, diarrhea, headache, drowsiness

How do antidepressants work?

Turns up the “volume” on messages transmitted over brain pathways, commonly norepinephrine and serotonin. Takes a long time frame to come into effect.

What are Antipsychotic Drugs?

Used to treat the symptoms of psychosis: delusions, hallucinations, and agitation

How do antipsychotic drugs work?

Reduces activity of neurotransmitter dopamine.

Cons of antipsychotic drugs?

Long-term use can cause problems like tardive dyskinesia, which produces an uncontrollable disturbance of motor control.

What are positive symptoms?

Refers to active process such as delusions and hallucinations

What are negative symptoms?

Passive processes like social withdrawal.

Antianxiety drugs definition?

Two main forms: barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Act as a central nervous system depressant, relaxes, works to enhance activity of GABA.

Can drugs cure mental illnesses?

No, drugs cannot cure any mental illnesses.

Do drugs alter the brain to suppress some symptoms?

Yes, drugs can alter the brain to suppress some symptoms.

Do drugs have negative long-term effects?

Yes, drugs will have negative long-term effects.

Do drugs cause dependency?

Yes, drugs can be habit forming.

Are drugs often overly prescribed?

Yes, drugs are overly prescribed.

Psychosurgery

General term given for any surgical intervention to the brain. More common in the past, rarely done today.

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A treatment used primarily for depression that involves the application of an electric current to head, producing a generalized seizure.

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

A treatment that involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain. Unlike ECT, it does not produce a seizure.

What is latent content (dreams)?

Underlying meaning behind dreams

What is manifest content (dreams)?

What actually occurred in dream