Articulations of Skull, Spine, Pectoral Girdle, and Upper Extremity

Joint

the point of connection between two bones, bon cartilage, or between bone and teeth

What are the two ways to classify joints

• By structure

• By function/ROM

Classifications of joints by structure

• Fibrous (suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis)

• Cartilaginous (sychondrosis, symphysis)

• Synovial (mon/bi/triaxial)

Classifications of joints by function/ROM

• Synarthrosis (immovable)

• Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)

• Diarthroses (freely moveable)

The more mobile a joint, the more likely it is to get injured

True

Gliding

simple movement in which flat bone surfaces move back and forth from side to side with respect to one another

What is an example of a synovial joint that does a gliding movement

intertarsal joints

Angular Movement

an increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones

List the movements that can occur at synovial joints

• gliding

• angular movements

List the different angular movements that occur at synovial joints

• flexion

• extension

• abduction

• adduction

• medial/internal rotation

• lateral/external rotation

• elevation

• depression

• protraction

• retraction

• inversion

• eversion

• dorsiflexion

• plantar flexion

• supination

• pronation

• opposition

• reposition

Flexion

decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Extension

increase in the angle between the articulating bones

What plane does flexion and extension occur in

sagittal plane

Flexion of the thumb occurs in the sagittal plane

False

Abduction

movement away from the longitudinal axis

Adduction

movement towards longitudinal axis

Rotation

Bones revolve around its own longitudinal axis

Plane joint

• allow only gliding or sliding motion in any direction

• back and forth movement

• side to side movement

List some examples of plane synovial joints

• facet joints

• intercarpal joints

• sacroiliac joint

• sternoclavicular

• acromioclavicular

• sternocostal 2-7

A plane joint is monaxial

True

Hinge joint

• produce angular, opening/closing motions

• allow only flexion and extension

Example of hinge joint

• elbow

• knee

A hinge joint is monaxial

True

A pivot joint is biaxial

False, monaxial

Pivot joint

allow only rotary movement around one axis

Example of pivot joint

• proximal radioulnar

• atlantoaxial

A ball and socket joint is monaxial

False, multiaxial

A saddle joint is multiaxial

False, biaxial

A condyloid joint is biaxial

True

Ball and socket joint

allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation

Example of ball and socket joint

• shoulder

• hip

Saddle joint

allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and limited circumduction

Example of saddle joint

carpometacarpal joint of thumb (trapeziometacarpal)

Condyloid joint

• movement similar to saddle joint

• movement is around two bones

Example of condyloid joint

• radiocarpal

• metacarpophalangeal

• foot

• hand

What type of joint is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

combined hinge and pane joint (articular disc)

What bones are involved in the TMJ

• condylar process of mandible

• mandibular fossa of temporal bone

The temporomandibular joint is biaxial

False, triaxial

What are the movements of the TMJ

• depression (jaw opening)

• elevation (jaw closing)

• protraction

• retraction

• slight rotation

What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint

pivot joint

What are the movements of the atlanto-axial joint

rotation

What are the bone involved in the atlanto-axial joint

• articular facet of the anterior arch of atlas (C1)

• dens of axis (C2)

How are the structure of the atlanto-axial joint held together

held tightly by transverse ligament

The altanto-axial joint is a special biaxial joint

True

What type of joint are intervertebral articulations

plane joint

What are the bones involved in intervertebral articulation

• vertebrae (superior and inferior articular facets)

What are the ligaments involved in intervertebral articulation

• anterior longitudinal ligament

• posterior longitudinal ligament

• interspinous ligament

Intervertebral articulation occurs throughout the entire vertebral column

False, not sacrum or coccyx

What are the movements of intervertebral articulation

• varies from region to region

• glide of individual vertebrae permits flexion, extension, and rotation of whole vertebral column

Location of intervertebral joints

between two vertebral bodies

What type of joint is intervertebral

synchondrosis (cartilaginous)

Location of vertebralcostal joints

between ribs and vertebrae

What type of joint are vertebralcostal joints

plane diarthrosis

Movement of vertebralcostal joints

elevation and depression (breathing)

Shoulder Complex

• includes clavicle, scapula, humerus, and associated joints

• links upper limb to thorax

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint

plane joint

What are the bones involved in the sternoclavicular joint

• medial end of clavicle

• manubrium of sternum

What are the ligaments involved in the sternoclavicular joint

• anterior sternoclavicular ligament

• posterior sternoclavicular ligament

• interclavicular ligament

• costoclavicular ligament

What type of joint is sternocostal

• plane joint

• except rib 1 (synchondrosis - cartilaginous)

Location of sternocostal joints

attaches costal cartilage of true ribs 2-7 to sternum

Location of intercondral joints

attaches costal cartilage of ribs 8-10 to the cartilage of rib above them

Movement of intercondral joints

allow rib cage to move in bucket handle motion

What are the movements of the sternoclavicular joint

• gliding

• slight rotation of clavicle

• circumduction of clavicle

What type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

ball and socket joint (triaxial)

What are the ligaments involved in the sternoclavicular joint

• Coracohumeral ligament

• Glenohumeral ligaments

• Transverse humeral ligament

• Acromioclavicular ligament

• Coracoacromial ligament

• Coracoclavicular ligament

Coracohumeral ligament

extends from coracoid process of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus

Glenohumeral ligaments

extends from glenoid cavity to lesser tubercle of humerus

Transverse humeral ligament

extends from lesser to great tubercle of humerus

Acromioclavicular joint

attaches acromion process of scapula to clavicle

Coracoacromial ligament

attaches coracoid process of scapula to acromion process of scapula

Coracoclavicular

attaches coracoid process of scapula to clavicle

What are the bones involved in the sternoclavicular joint

• head of humerus

• glenoid fossa of scapula

What are the movements of the glenohumeral joint

• flexion

• extension

• abduction

• adduction

• medial rotation

• lateral rotation

• curcumduction

What is the most freely moveable joint on the body

glenohumeral joint

What type of joint is the elbow joint

hinge joint (monaxial)

What are the ligaments involved in the elbow joint

• ulnar collateral ligament

• radial collateral ligament

• annular ligament of radius

Ulnar collateral ligament

extends from medial epicondyle of humerus to coronoid process and olecranon of ulna

Radial collateral ligament

extends from lateral epicondyle of humerus to annular ligament of radius and radial notch of ulna

Annular ligament of radius

holds head of radius in radial notch of ulna

What are the bones involved in the elbow joint

• humerus

• radius

• ulna

What are the movements of the elbow joint

• flexion

• extension

How many joints are in the elbow

3

What are the joints in the elbow

• ulnahumeral

• radiohumeral

• proximal radioulnar

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar

pivot joint

What are the movements of the proximal radioulnar joint

• supination

• pronation

What are the bones involved in the radioulnar joint

• radius

• ulna

What type of joint is the radiocarpal

condylar joint

What are the movements of the radiocarpal joint

• flexion

• extension

• adduction

• abduction

• circumduction

What are the bones involved in the radiocarpal joint

radius with scaphoid and lunate

What are the ligaments involved in the radiocarpal joint

• Palmar radiocarpal

• Dorsal radiocarpal

• Radial collateral ligament

• Ulnar collateral ligament

Palmar radiocarpal ligament

connects distal radius to anterior surfaces of scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrium

Dorsal radiocarpal ligament

connects distal radius to posterior surfaces of scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrium

Radial collateral ligament

extends from radial styloid process to lateral surface of scaphoid

Ulnar collateral ligament

extends from Ulan styloid process to medial surface of triquetrium

What separates the ulna from the carpals

articular disc

What type of joint are the carpometacarpal joints

• plane joints (biaxial)

• except between thumb and wrist (saddle)

What type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints

condylar

What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints

hinge (monaxial)

What are the bones involved in the carpometacarpal joints

• carpals

• metacarpals

What are the bones involved in the metacarpophalangeal joints

• metacarpals

• proximal phalanges