Microbio Ch. 5

Vocab and concepts from chapter 5 - "Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms"

the theory that eukaryotic cells are the result of one prokaryotic cell engulfing another, one living within another, and evolving together until they were no longer separate cells:

endosymbiotic theory

a mutually beneficial relationship between organisms:

symbiosis

which event occured first according to the endosymbiotic theory?

formation of a membrane around genetic material

the majority of fungi are _____ _____, living off dead plants and animals.

heterotrophic saprobes

an organism that requires a specific environmental condition or nutrient for survival and cannot thrive in its absence is defined as:

obligate

fungal infections are defined as:

mycoses

an organism that cannot produce its own food and must obtain its nutrients by consuming other organisms or organic matter =

heterotroph

_____ causes athletes foot and ring worm.

trichophyton mentagrophytes

_____ causes “candidiases” such as vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush

candida albicans

_____ causes aspergillosis (respiratory infection & allergy to spores)

aspergillus

_____ causes blastomycosis (respiratory infection)

blastomyces

where is blastomyces found?

Mississippi River valley

_____ causes valley fever (coccidioidomycosis), a respiratory infection with flu-like symptoms and rash from spores.

coccidioides

in which region is coccidoides found?

south western US

_____ causes histoplasmosis, a respiratory infection

histoplasma

where is histoplasma found?

in soil with a large amount of bird or bat droppings

_____ are mostly free-living in fresh and marine water, base of aquatic food web, and produce majority of the atmospheric O2

algae

_____ cause red tides and give off neurotoxins that cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms

dinoflagellates

dinoflagellates cause _____, a condition characterized by muscle paralysis

paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

dinoflagellates in the surf zone and/or blown onto the beach release a toxin called _____, which cause respiratory inflammation

brevetoxin

how does paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) cause neurological symptoms, muscle paralysis, and death? (respiratory failure)

by affecting nerve action by interfering with ion movement across cell membranes

what toxin is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) caused by dinoflagellates?

saxitoxin

where Is saxitoxin found?

west coast North America

where is brevetoxin found?

gulf coast of Florida

the active, feeding, and multiplying stage of a protozoa (favorable conditions) =

trophozoite

a diverse group of single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms that are considered "animal-like" protists, they are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi; most are free-living but some can be parasitic

protozoa

trophozoite → cyst =

encystment

cyst → trophozoite

excystment

dormant, resting stage of a protozoa (unfavorable conditions)

cyst

all protozoa reproduce asexually by _____ or _____, many can also reproduce through _____

mitosis or multiple fission, conjugation

what is the protozoan causative agent for malaria?

plasmodium

what does malaria feed on?

initially liver cells, then red blood cells

who is resistant to malaria?

those with sickle cell anemia

symptoms of _____ include fever, flu-like illness, anemia, jaundice, kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, death.

malaria

what are the two types of helminths (animala)?

flatworms and roundworms

what are the two types of flatworms?

flukes (trematodes) and tapeworms (cestodes)

what are the two types of roundworms?

ascariasis and ancylostoma (hookworms)

_____ have thin, segmented body plans

flatworms

_____ have elongate, cylindrical, unsegmented bodies

roundworms

_____ are flattened, ovoid worms with sucking mouthparts that cause foodborne “trematodiasis” (severe liver or lung disease)

flukes (trematodes)

where is trematodiasis most prevalent?

south-east Asia and south america

what is trematodiasis caused by?

ingestion of contaminated raw fish, crustaceans, or vegetables

tapeworm _____ _____ symptoms include nausea, weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain

intestinal infection

tapeworm _____ _____ symptoms include organ failure

invasive infection

what are the two types of tapeworm (cestode) infections?

intestinal and invasive

how are tapeworm (cestode) infections transmitted?

contaminated food or water

how is ascariasis (roundworm) intestinal infection transmitted?

ingestion of contaminated soil in places where human feces is used as fertilizer

how is ancylostoma (hookworms) disease transmitted?

bare skin making contact with soil contaminated with human feces

in which region(s) is ancylostoma (hookworms) disease found?

tropical and subtropical countries

endosymbiotic theory suggests which cell parts are descended from prokaryote ancestors?

mitochondria and chloroplasts