The Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord

brain and spinal cord

what does the central nervous system consist of

interpretation and coordinate appropriate responses

functions of central nervous system

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

four major regions of the human brain

thalamus and hypothalamus

major parts of the diencephalon

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

major parts of the brain stem

gyri (gyrus)

ridges (twisters)

sulci (sulcus)

shallow depressions/ furrows

fissures

deeper depressions

longitudinal fissure

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

transverse fissure

separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes

four bilateral cerebral lobes

central sulcus

blue line

lateral fissure

yellow line

transverse fissure

green line

frontal lobe

lobe that is anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure

frontal lobe

lobe that deals with reasoning, planning, aspects of speech, movement, emotions, problem solving, memorizing, talking, analyzing, meaning of a word

parietal lobe

lobe that is posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure

parietal lobe

lobe that deals with the perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

temporal lobe

lobe that is inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the occipital lobe

temporal lobe

lobe that deals with the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory, both this and frontal lobe give complex memories

occipital lobe

lobe that is posterior and inferior to the parieto-occipital sulcus, and is posterior to the temporal lobe

occipital lobe

lobe that deals with many aspects of vision, like driving

cerebral cortex

outermost layer of the cerebrum, about 2-4mm thick, and composed of gray matter

gray matter

matter made up of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, short and unmyelinated axons

white matter

matter located beneath the cortex and is made up of longer, myelinated axons

-connect different regions of the central nervous system

-composed of fiber tracks carrying impulses to, from, or within the cortex

prefrontal cortex

problem-solving, emotion, complex thought, takes a long time to develop

primary motor cortex

initiation of voluntary movement, walking

motor association cortex

coordination of complex movement, playing drum set, walking/talking at the same time

primary somatosensory cortex

receives tactile information from the body, touch, pain, pressure, temperature

sensory association area

processing of multisensory information, how hot/heavy something is

visual cortex

detection of simple visual stimuli

visual association area

complex processing of visual information

auditory cortex

detection of sound quality

auditory association area

complex processing of auditory information, too loud/too soft/ what type of sound

wernicke’s area

language comprehension, meaning of words and sounding out words- one hemisphere

broca’s area

speech production and articulation, can’t speak off the top of your head, one hemisphere, left side- can’t say words properly if damaged

homunculus

visualizes the connection between different parts of the primary motor cortex

-large parts have more sensory/motor connections to the brain

corticospinal or pyramidal track

axons of motor neuron that form the major voluntary motor track which descend to the spinal cord

insula

-layer of cortex that lies beneath the parietal and temporal lobes

-formed from parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

-perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience

contralateral

opposite/acting in unison part on other side

ipsilateral

situated on the same side

basal ganglia

islands of gray matter located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum

-work together with the cerebellum to produce smooth, coordinated movements

-regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions, particularly to stopping or starting movement

-include caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

parts of the basal ganglia

limbic system

ring of cortex deep within the cerebrum which encircles the ventricles

-center of emotions related to behavior

-formation of memories

-”emotional visceral brain”

-”roid rage”

cerebral white matter

-located beneath the cortex

-longer, myelinated axons

-connect different regions of the central nervous system

-different areas of the cerebral cortex must be able to communicate with each other and with the brain stem/spinal cord

-myelinated axons are usually bundled into tracts

commissures, association fibers, and projection fibers

types of white matter tracts

commissures

type of white matter tract that allows communication between the cerebral hemispheres

-the Corpus Callosum is the largest ______

-little to no corpus callosum results in cerebral palsy

corpus callosum

association fibers

type of white matter tract that allow communication between different parts the same hemisphere

projection fibers

type of white matter tract that run vertically and allow communication between the cerebral cortex and lower brain regions of the central nervous system

diencephalon aka: interbrain

sits on top of the brain stem

-primarily composed of two structures: thalamus and hypothalamus

diencephalon

red and pink area

thalamus

receives sensory information and relays this information to the cerebral cortex, which also sends information here then transmits the information to other areas of the brain and spinal cord

thalamus

what is the green

hypothalamus

what is the orange

hypothalamus

regulates body temperature, controls hunger and thirst, involved in emotions, and controls the pituitary gland, part of the limbic system

brain stem

area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord, contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

brain stem

responsible for basic life functions, like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

-passageway for all fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord

-contains the origins of 10 of the 12 cranial nerves

brain stem

without the yellow and light green what is this

pons

what is the blue

medulla oblongata

what is the gray

cerebral peduncles

what is the purple

midbrain

all the colored parts make up the what

cerebral peduncles and corpora quadrigemina

what two things make up the midbrain

cerebral peduncles

bundles of fiber tracts that transport impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons

corpora quadrigemina

4 rounded protrusions that are reflex centers

superior colliculi

visual reflex center

inferior colliculi

auditory reflex center

corpora quadrigemina

what is the blue

choroid plexus

blood vessels in the thalamus

choroid plexus in the roof of the fourth ventricle

inferior blood vessels in the brain stem

mammillary bodies

reflex centers involved in smell (olfactory), and bulge from the hypothalamus, posterior to the pituitary gland

pineal gland

what is the yellow

cranial nerves

what are these

pons

mostly bundles of fiber tracts and is a rounded structure that protrudes just below the midbrain

-has important nuclei involved in the control of breathing

infundibulum

space between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

no answer just to study

medulla oblongata

most inferior part of the brain stem that merges into the spinal cord, and contains fiber tracts that conduct impulses between the brain and spinal cord (basic functions)

-contains 3 important nuclei (olivary nucleus, cardiovascular center, and respiration center)

olivary nucleus

located in the medulla oblongata; relays information from the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebrum to the cerebellum

cardiovascular center

located in the medulla oblongata; controls heart rate, and the constriction and dilation of blood vessels

respiration center

located in the medulla oblongata; controls the rate and depth of breathing, allows for swallowing and vomiting

cerebellum

-projects from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

-has 2 hemispheres and a convoluted surface, connected by a constricted area called the vermis

-precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium; does job less well when sedated by alcohol

cortex

gray matter of cerebellum

arbor vitae

inner layer of white matter (bush)

cerebellum

functions:

-smoothes and coordinates body movements

-controls balance and equilibrium

-maintains posture/trapezius

-autopilot

-compares body’s “intentions” with actual body performance

cranial meninges

set of three protective membranes that surround the brain

-include the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater

dura mater

first blank on left

arachnoid membrane

second blank on left

pia mater

third blank on left

superior sagittal

first line of second blank on right

falx cerebri

second line of second blank on right

dura mater

outermost meninx/ double layered membrane

-periosteal layer and meningeal layer

periosteal layer

layer of the dura mater that attaches to the inner surface of the skull

meningeal layer

layer of the dura mater that forms the outermost covering over the brain

-continues as the dura mater in the spinal cord

-falx cerebri

-at the longitudinal fissure only

-one of two folds that attaches the brain to the cranial cavity

falx cerebri

deep fold that projects between the cerebral hemispheres along the midsagittal plane

tentorium cerebelli

separates cerebellum from cerebrum

arachnoid membrane

-middle meninx

-cobweb appearance

-threadlike extensions (arachnoid space) attach it to the pia mater

pia mater

-innermost meninx

-clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

-has glistening appearance/ follows every single fold of the brain

subarachnoid space

-lies between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater

-contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

brain ventricles

cavities in the brain- lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

-filled with CSF and lined with Ependymal cells