General Chemistry 1 - Week 1

Atom

a chemical element in its smallest form and is made up of neutrons and protons within the nucleus and electrons circling the nucleus.

Chemical properties

properties that require a chemical reaction to observe.

Compound

a term used generally to indicate a definite combination of elements into a more complex structure (a molecule) but it is also applied to systems with non-stoichiometric proportions of elements.

Element

a substance that cannot be divided chemically into component substances.

Ion

an atom which has lost or gained electrons and becomes charged.

Mixture

s a material system made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically.

Molecule

refers to two or more atoms which have chemically combined to form a single species

Physical properties

an be observed without using a chemical reaction that would change the substance..

Matter

commonly defined as anything that exists in time, occupies space, and has mass.

3 Ways in which matter may be classified

According to Origin
According to the State
According to Composition

Organic materials

a kind of matter that are commonly derived from living things, and contain carbon.

Inorganic materials

a kind of matter that comes from non-living things and do not contain carbon.
Examples: salt, sulfuric acid, and metals

Solid

articles are packed tightly together so they are unable to move about very much. Particles of a solid have very low kinetic energy.

Liquid

he particles of a substance have more kinetic energy than those in a solid. The liquid particles are not held in a regular arrangement but are still very close to each other, so liquids have a definite volume.

Gas

have a great deal of space between them and have a high kinetic energy. If unconfined, the particles of a gas will spread out indefinitely; if confined, the gas will expand to fill its container.

Plasma

is not a common state of matter here on Earth but may be the most common state of matter in the universe. Plasma consists of highly charged particles with extremely high kinetic energy.

Bose-Einstein condensate

n 1995, technology enabled scientists to create a new state of matter, the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Using a combination of lasers and magnets, Eric Cornell and Carl Weiman cooled a sample of rubidium to within a few degrees of absolute zero.

PURE SUBSTANCE

matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties.

Acids

One of the classification of Compounds. substances that have a sour taste.

Bases

One of the classification of Compounds. substances that have a bitter taste. These are slippery and soapy in litmus paper.

Salts

One of the classification of Compounds. formed when acids combine with bases.

Homogeneous

mixture that do not contain visibly different parts.

Heterogeneous

ixture that has visibly different parts/components.

EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

are properties that depend on the amount of matter present or being tested.

INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

are properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present or being measured.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

are characteristics that can be observed with an accompanying change in the chemical composition of a substance.

Distillation

is a widely used method of separating mixtures based on differences in boiling point.

Filtration

s good for separating insoluble solid (an insoluble substance is one that does not dissolve) from a liquid.

Evaporation

is a process of separating mixtures consisting of a nonvolatile solid and a volatile liquid ,i.e.

Decantation

s a method of separating components of mixtures by removing a layer of liquid, generally one from the settled solid particles.

Chromatography

came from two Greek words chroma and graphe which means "color writing" is a method of separating mixtures either in gas or liquid form using difference in solubility or using the appropriate solvent, the mobile phase while the medium used to hold the sample is called the stationary phase.