French Revolution

The Enlightenment emphasized __________ which led people to question the church and the king's divine right.

The Enlightenment emphasized __________ which led people to question the church and the king's divine right.

reason

According to John Locke, everyone has natural rights including life, liberty, and __________.

property

Louis XVI was considered weak because he was __________ easily swayed by others.

too

The __________ owned about 30% of the land and were exempt from taxes.

Nobility/Aristocracy

The Third Estate consisted of the bourgeoisie, __________, and peasants.

working class

Abbe Sieyes famously asked, 'What is the Third Estate? __________.'

Everything

Economic problems in France were exacerbated by the deep debt from the __________ and American Revolution.

Seven Years’ War

Louis XVI wanted to tax everyone, but the __________ outnumbered peasants and opposed taxation.

nobles

Jean-Paul Marat was a radical figure who was killed in his __________.

bathtub

The National Assembly was formed after members of the Third Estate were locked out of their meeting hall, leading to the __________ Oath.

Tennis Court

Women marched to Versailles in October 1789 to demand __________ for the rising prices.

bread

The National Guard, led by Marquis de Lafayette, wore a tricolor __________ as an emblem of revolution.

cockade

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen established that all citizens should be treated __________ before the law.

equally

During the Great Fear, peasants attacked their landlords and burned legal documents to free themselves from __________.

serfdom

The Constitution of 1791 established a Constitutional __________ in France.

Monarchy

The Sans-Culottes were known for advocating for immediate relief from food shortages and __________ prices.

rising

Napoleon declared himself __________ for life in 1802, consolidating his power.

Consul

With the success of the French Revolution, France aimed for liberty, equality, and __________.

fraternity

The Reign of Terror was associated with Maximilien Robespierre and involved systematic use of __________ against perceived enemies of the revolution.

terror

The Congress of Vienna aimed to create a balance of __________ and restore legitimate monarchs after the fall of Napoleon.

power

After the defeat of Napoleon, France entered into a period known as the __________ Restoration.

Bourbon

In the Napoleonic Code, laws should be based on __________ and common sense, rather than tradition.

reason

The Romantic Age emerged partly as a reaction against the __________ of the Enlightenment.

rationalism

The __________ were the poorest people who became radicalized during the revolution due to economic hardships.

Sans-Culottes

Napoleon's failed invasion of __________ led to the decimation of his army due to the harsh winter and scorched earth tactics.

Russia

The main goal of the Thermidorian Reaction was to bring an end to the Reign of __________.

Terror

The synthesis of Enlightenment ideas with feelings and emotions led to the artistic movement known as __________.

Romanticism

The Declaration of Pillnitz involved Austria and Prussia pledging to intervene in France to preserve the __________.

monarchy

The concept of a __________ aims to address grievances and advocate social change through equitable taxation.

Cahiers de Doléances

Citizens rallied under the National __________ in response to grievances about bread prices and government oppression.

Guard

Émigrés, or nobles who fled France, played a role in counter-revolutionary activity during the __________.

revolution

The Jacobins were a radical political group that sought to establish a __________ in France.

Republic

Napoleon rose to prominence after he saved the Directory from counter-revolutionary forces during the __________ of 1795.

Revolt

The __________ of the Third Estate acted as a political force advocating for greater representation in the government.

National Assembly

Louis XVI is famously executed by __________, which symbolized the radical turn of the revolution.

guillotine

One of the first steps towards a unified Germany was the creation of a Germanic __________ following the Congress of Vienna.

Confederation

During the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety was responsible for executing approximately __________ enemies of the revolution.

25,000

Many French citizens opposed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy as it forced allegiance to the __________ over the church.

state

Napoleon’s inability to control his ambitions eventually led to his downfall after the disastrous campaign in __________.

Russia

The enduring legacy of the French Revolution included a rise in __________, as nations sought to self-determine based on similar Enlightenment ideals.

nationalism

The __________ were the primary bourgeoisie group that advocated for a moderate approach during the revolution.

Girondins

Robespierre's vision of a 'Republic of Virtue' emphasized the prioritization of the __________ over individual interests.

general will

The __________ manifesto threatened to destroy Paris if harm came to the royal family during the revolution.

Brunswick

One significant reaction to revolution was the emergence of nostalgic art during the __________ Age.

Romantic

The leveling of societal classes was partially achieved by ending __________ privileges through the revolution's reforms.

hereditary

Louis XVIII, after the Bourbon Restoration, favored a constitutional __________.

monarchy

Napoleon's __________ Code simplified laws and abolished feudal rights across France.

Civil

Napoleon was eventually exiled to __________ where he spent the remaining part of his life after his final defeat.

St. Helena

The romantic literature often explored themes of nature and __________, reacting against industrialization and rationalism.

individualism

By 1814, the allied forces defeated Napoleon at the __________ of Nations, leading to his abdication.

Battle

The Enlightenment emphasis on individual rights laid the foundation for revolutionary movements in __________ around the world.

colonies

The __________ led the way for radical changes during the revolution, including price control and a demand for food security.

Sans-Culottes

The longing for a return to traditional order after Napoleon was reflected in the philosophical ideas of __________.

conservatism

A significant part of the French Revolution involved the radical questioning of __________ and authority in both church and state.

monarchy

The romantic themes in art often revolved around __________ and nationalism, as seen in Delacroix's works.

emotion

Napoleon's rise was marked by a coup known as the __________ of 19 Brumaire.

coup d'état

The __________ Assembly sought to address a growing discontent among the populace across all classes in France after 1789.

National

The tensions between moderates and radicals in the early stages of the revolution came to a head during the __________ Massacres.

September

Citizens voted in a __________ to approve the new constitution in the early 1800s under Napoleon's leadership.

plebiscite

The concept of __________ was redefined in France as it moved away from birthright towards property-based citizenship.

citizenship

In 1804, Napoleon declared himself __________, marking the culmination of his rise to power.

Emperor

One major influence of the Romantic movement was the exploration of the __________ experience over rational thought.

human

The social upheaval during the Revolution often pitted the rural class against the wealthy __________ class.

aristocratic

After the Congress of Vienna, Europe sought to establish a __________ that would prevent such widespread conflict in the future.

balance of power

The manifesto and demands of the revolutionaries strongly opposed the __________ system that benefited the nobility and clergy.

feudal

The cultural response to the Enlightenment included Romanticism's emphasis on __________ and historical emotion.

feeling

The philosophy of John Stuart Mill, advocating for democratic principles, stemmed from revolutionary ideals of __________ and freedom.

liberty

The multiple tensions of society during the revolution were captured in the chaotic movements of the __________ among the urban poor.

Sans-Culottes

The National Assembly’s goal to eliminate the __________ marked the end of many feudal ties in France.

Ancien Régime

National sentiment grew due to the experiences during the __________, where France emerged as a unified nation.

Revolution

Women’s exclusion from active citizenship reflected the __________ perspective of the revolutionaries, limiting their formal rights.

gender

Napoleon used propaganda and celebrations to emphasize the accomplishments of his __________, ensuring his image was positively retained in history.

rule

The flawed economic policies during the reign of Louis XVI fostered social unrest among the __________ populace, leading to the revolution.

lower