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What is the primary function of the excretory system?
To filter waste, including nitrogenous waste, excess water, and salts.
What is the path of urine out of the body starting from collecting ducts?
Collecting duct → Renal papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter.
What merges at the tips of the renal pyramids to release urine?
The collecting ducts merge at the renal papilla.
What are minor calyces?
Small chambers that collect urine from the renal papillae.
What is formed when several minor calyces merge?
Major calyces.
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
To empty urine into the ureter.
What is the maximum capacity of the bladder?
The bladder can hold up to 1 liter.
What type of epithelium lines the bladder?
Transitional epithelium.
What is the function of the detrusor muscle?
It contracts to force urine out into the urethra.
How does the urethra differ between males and females?
In males, it is part of the reproductive system; in females, it empties in front of the vaginal orifice.
Where is blood filtered in the nephron?
In the glomerulus.
What is produced when blood is filtered in the glomerulus?
Filtrate.
What structure does filtrate enter after the glomerulus?
Bowman's Capsule.
What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Reabsorption of nutrients, ions, and water begins.
What is the main role of the Loop of Henle?
To concentrate urine by reabsorbing water and salts.
What occurs in the distal convoluted tubule?
Further adjustment of ion levels and water occurs.
How is urine formed in the collecting duct?
Filtrate travels down and may undergo additional water reabsorption.
What are the main components of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule.
How much sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
65% of sodium is reabsorbed via active transport.
What mechanism allows water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Osmosis through aquaporins.
What substances are secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Hydrogen, ammonium, drugs, and creatine.
What epithelium makes up the descending limb of the nephron loop?
Simple squamous epithelium.
What occurs in the ascending limb of the nephron loop?
Na+ is actively reabsorbed, and it is impermeable to water.
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
Wastes are dumped out; reabsorption is based on hormone levels.
What is reabsorbed in the collecting duct based on hormonal influence?
Calcium, sodium, and water.
What hormones affect reabsorption in the collecting duct?
PTH, aldosterone, and ADH (vasopressin).
What triggers potassium secretion in the collecting duct?
Aldosterone.
What is the pathway urine takes through the kidney?
Glomerulus → Bowman's Capsule → Proximal Convoluted Tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal Convoluted Tubule → Collecting Duct.
How does urine exit the kidney?
Via the ureter.
What does urea do in the nephron loop?
Urea is secreted simultaneously via diffusion.
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