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Nervous System
Controls organs and physiological responses in organisms.
Sensory Input
Detection of stimuli through sensory receptors.
Integration
Processing sensory information to determine response.
Motor Output
Response action executed by muscles or glands.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord; main control center.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves branching from CNS to the body.
Afferent Division
Conducts sensory information to the brain.
Efferent Division
Sends commands from brain to muscles and glands.
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System
Manages involuntary actions like heartbeat and digestion.
Sympathetic Division
Activates fight or flight response.
Parasympathetic Division
Calms the body after activation.
Neurons
Main signaling cells of the nervous system.
Neuroglia (Glial Cells)
Support and protect neurons; half brain's mass.
Astrocytes
Anchor neurons to blood supply; regulate material exchange.
Microglial Cells
Provide immune defense in the CNS.
Ependymal Cells
Line brain cavities; produce cerebrospinal fluid.
Oligodendrocytes
Insulate neurons with myelin sheath in CNS.
Satellite Cells
Support neuron cell bodies in PNS.
Schwann Cells
Insulate axons in the peripheral nervous system.
Multipolar Neurons
Most common type; multiple dendrites and one axon.
Unipolar Neurons
One process; primarily in sensory receptors.
Bipolar Neurons
Two processes; found in special sensory organs.
Interneurons
Connect sensory and motor neurons; mostly multipolar.
