motor development studying

physical literacy

ability to move well and read a physical situation properly

if a child is more physically literate, will they be more likley to be physically active

yes

stimulation

encouragement of something to make it develop or become more active

hebbs law describes 

synaptic plasticity 

dynamic systems theory

complexity and interconnectedness of factors influencing development; alll the things lumped together 

limiters according to dynamic systems theory 

things that inhibit the emergence of voluntary controlled movement 

maturational theory

kids go through the same order of developmental stages but age can vary

intervention based approach to peds

address the illness or injury via pharm or surgery

prevention based peds

maintain health and prevent illness/injury

US department of health and human services — USDHHS

US organization that sets PA guidelines

Health

complete state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing - not the absense of disease

ontogenetic behavior

development from inception to maturity; shaped by parents/caregivers

Genes, hormones, energy, and nutrients interacting with the environment (both intra- and extra-uterine) primarily influence what

growth and maturation

are size at birth and first year growth linked to lifelong health outcomes 

yes 

where to many chronic disseases originate 

prenatally 

patterns of postnatal growth 

Rapid growth after birth → declines by 12 months → steady through childhood → rapid again during adolescence.

canalization

individuals follow a normal growth “canal” under normal conditions

PHV - peak height velocity

The period of fastest growth in height during adolescence.

in females after PVH, when should we increase training

immediately

in males after PHV, when should we increase training

12-18 months after

At PHV, what % of adult height is reached?

92

When is neural growth nearly complete?

age 8

What are the four main growth patterns in tissues/systems?

Neurological, Reproductive, Lymphoid, and General (stature, cardio, respiratory, digestive)

When does lymphoid tissue reach its peak size?

Around 11–13 years, then declines with puberty due to sex hormone influence.

When do the two main growth spurts occur?

Juvenile (6–8 years) and Adolescent (11–18 years).

: What is the pattern of limb growth?

Distal → proximal

genotype

genetic potential

phenotype

observable traits resulting from genes and environment

What are the four common (non-research-based) approaches to decision making?

• Authority – Doing something because that’s what you were told.

• Educational Background – Doing it because that’s what you were taught.

• Tradition – Doing it because that’s how it’s always been done.

• Trial and Error – Doing it because it seems to work for you.

what is PICO used for

To structure clinical research questions clearly and guide evidence searching.

What are the four key components of Evidence-Based Practice?

• Best Research Evidence – Data from basic and clinical research

• Patient Values – Beliefs, preferences, culture, experiences

• Patient Circumstances – Environment, resources, access

• Clinical Judgment – Professional experience and expertise

filtered source of research

critically appraised for validity and clinical relavance

unfiltered sources

original studies without expert refiew

What appears on either side of the notochord between 20–23 days of development?

somites

What forms from the thickened ectoderm near the midline around day 20?

neural plate

what structure forms when the neural folds fuse together 

neural tube 

what process describes the formation of the neural tube

neurulation

the neural tube develops into which system

central nervous system

axons extending from the neural tube form which nervous system

peripheral nervous system

what layer gives rise to neurons

the mentle layer

what layer forms axon tracts in the spinal cord

marginal layer

when does the neural tube close

22-28 days

the mantle layer becomes what in the spinal cord

grey matter 

At 7 weeks, what additional developments occur in the spinal cord?

Ventral and dorsal roots, glial cells, meninges, and spinal nerves develop.

What do neural crest cells form around 7 weeks?

Dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, melanocytes, adrenal medulla, meninges, and connective tissues of the head and neck.

Cerebrum

conscious thought, memory, motor control

diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

thalamus

sensory relay

hypothalamus

emotion/autonomic/hormone control

mesencephalon

visual and auditory processing, reflexes, consciousness

pons 

sensory relay to cerebellum, motor control 

medulla oblongata

autonomic functions (heart, lungs, digestion)

What causes spina bifida?

Failure of the vertebral laminae to unite and an incomplete neural arch, allowing meninges to bulge outward.

when does the neural tube close

22-28 days

what does the mantle layer become in the spinal cord

gray matter

what does the marginal layer become

grey matter

what does the marginal layer become

white matter

at 7 weeks, what else develops in the spinal cord

Ventral and dorsal roots, glial cells, meninges, and spinal nerves develop.

Prosencephalon →

Telencephalon + Diencephalon

Rhombencephalon →

Metencephalon + Myelencephalon

what develops at abt 5 weeks

mesencephalon matures, cranial nerves begin developing

cerebrum

conscious thought, memory, motor control

mesencephalon

visual and auditory processing, reflexes, consciousness

pons

sensory relay to cerebellum, motor control 

medulla oblongata 

automatic functions 

cerebellum

coordination and fine motor control

at 4 weeks, what forms in the lateral walls of the prosencephalon

optic vesicles

what do the optic vesicles form after indenting

optic cups

what does the epidermis over the optic cup form

lens

when do olfactory receptors begin to develop

5 weeks

what structures do olfactory receptors begin as

nasal placodes

when do taste buds start forming

5 weeks

How does the fetal cardiovascular system differ from the adult system?

Fetal lungs and digestive system are nonfunctional; oxygen and nutrients come from the placenta.

how are fetal nutritional and respiratory needs met

diffusion across the placenta

path of bloodflow from placenta to the fetal heart

Placenta → Umbilical vein → Liver (small amount) → Ductus venosus → Inferior vena cava → Right atrium.

2 fetal short circuits that bypass the lungs

foramen ovale and ductus anteriosus

foramen ovale

allows blood flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium

how are fetal wastes and co2 removed

diffusion across the placenta 

path of waste blood from fetus to placenta

Internal iliac arteries → Umbilical arteries → Umbilical cord → Placenta

what happens to the ductus anteriosus at birth

smooth muscle contracts and it becomes the linamentum anteriosum

what happens to foramen ovale at birth

becomes fossa ovalis

What major circulatory changes occur at birth?

closure of foramen ovale and ductus anteriosus, bloodflow circulates through lungs

fetal lung conditions before birth

Pulmonary vessels collapsed, high resistance, lungs filled with fluid, rib cage compressed.

which two fetal structures close after the first breaths

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

what happens when air first enters the lungs

fluid is forced out and pulmonary circulation begins

RDS - respiratory distress syndrome

• Common in premature infants due to surfactant deficiency.

• Leads to alveolar collapse, labored breathing, cyanosis.

• Requires oxygen therapy and surfactant replacement.

• Also known as Hyaline Membrane Disease.

CHD - congentital heard disease

ack:

• Broad term for structural abnormalities of the heart or great vessels present at birth.

• Includes ASD, VSD, PDA, and others.

• Can result in cyanosis, heart murmurs, and poor growth.

• Caused by genetic, environmental, or maternal factors.

PDA - patent ductus anteriosus

• Failure of the ductus arteriosus (fetal vessel connecting pulmonary artery to aorta) to close after birth.

• Causes blood to flow from aorta → pulmonary artery.

• Leads to pulmonary congestion and respiratory distress.

• Often treated with medication (indomethacin) or surgery.

VSD - ventricular septal defect 

• A hole in the septum between the right and left ventricles.

• Causes oxygenated blood to flow from left → right ventricle.

• Leads to increased pulmonary pressure and possible heart failure if large.

• Common congenital heart defect.

ASD - atrial septal defect 

• A hole in the wall (septum) between the right and left atria.

• Allows oxygen-rich blood to mix with oxygen-poor blood.

• Increases blood flow to the lungs, may cause heart murmur and fatigue.

• Often congenital (present at birth).

what does APGAR measure

Newborn health (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration).