CH 13+14

How did the Republican Party come about as a national political party?

Formed in the 1850s in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the party united anti-slavery Whigs, Free Soilers, and Northern Democrats around the goal of stopping slavery’s expansion.

What caused "Bleeding Kansas"?

Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty, leading to pro- and anti-slavery forces clashing violently in Kansas over whether it would enter as a free or slave state.

What caused the economic crisis of 1857?

decline in international demand for U.S. goods, falling grain prices, and the failure of banks and railroads triggered the panic.

How did Lincoln win the Election of 1860?

won without Southern votes by carrying all free states due to a split Democratic Party and strong Northern support.

How did early Civil War battles shape the war's future?

showed the war would be long and bloody.

Why was the Emancipation Proclamation issued in 1863?

shift the war’s purpose to ending slavery, weakening the South and encouraging Black enlistment.

What was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on African Americans?

llowed Black men to join the Union army,

How did death tolls and shortages affect North and South?

South faced severe shortages and inflation; morale declined. The North had more resources but still experienced grief and social strain due to casualties.

What happened at Gettysburg?

July 1863, the Union defeated Lee’s invasion of the North in a turning point battle that stopped Southern momentum.

How did Gettysburg change the war?

turning point by ending Confederate hopes of European recognition and shifting momentum toward the Union.

How did the events unfold that ended the war?

Union victories under Grant and Sherman (e.g., Atlanta, Richmond) led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House in April 1865.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

admitting California as a free state, mexican scession divided into Utah and New Mexico territories with popular soverignty, slave trade banned in D.C.. and a stricter Fugitive Slave Law.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

llowed settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether to allow slavery, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise.