Regulations, Maintenance Forms, Record…

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99 Terms

1
New cards

Under the federal aviation, regulations, and aviation maintenance technician is required to perform maintenance on an aircraft so that it

Is at least equal to its original or properly altered condition

2
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Certified mechanics with a power plant rating may perform

100 hour inspections required by the federal aviation regulations on power plants, propellers, or any components thereof, and may release the same to service

3
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When may an otherwise qualified mechanic who does not read, write, speak, and understand the English language be eligible to apply for a mechanic certification

When employed outside the United States by a U.S. air carrier

4
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Technical information about older aircraft models, of which no more than 50 remain in service, can be found in the

Aircraft listing

5
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What is the status of data used as a base for approving major repairs or alterations for return to service

Data must be FAA approved prior to its use for that purpose

6
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How long does the holder of a certificate issue under part 65 have to notify the FAA after any change in permanent mailing address?

30 days

7
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What is a true statement regarding the use of FAA form 337

FSA form 337 is not authorized for use with other than US registered aircraft

8
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What is a statement that is true regarding the requirements for maintenance record format

Any format that provides record continuity and include includes the required information may be used

9
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What is an appliance major repair?

Overhaul of a hydraulic pressure pump

10
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Instrument repairs may be performed

Buy an FAA approved instrument repair station

11
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If work performed on an aircraft has been done satisfactorily, the signature of an authorized person on the maintenance record for maintenance or alterations perform constitutes

Approval for return to service only for the work performed

12
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What information is generally contained in aircraft specifications or type certificate data sheets?

Control surface movement

13
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The replacement of a damaged engine mount with a new identical engine mount purchased from the aircraft manufacturer is considered a

Minor repair

14
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Which maintenance record entry best describes the action taken for a control cable showing approximately 20% wear on several of the individual outer wires at the fairlead

Where with an acceptable limits, repair not necessary

15
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Certified mechanics, under their general certification privileges, may

Perform 100 hour inspection of instruments

16
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FAA certified mechanics may

Approved a return to service a minor alteration they have performed appropriate to the rating (S) they hold

17
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The air transport Association of America (ATA) specifications No. 100.

Establish a standard for the presentation of technical data and maintenance manual

18
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When is a mechanic responsible for checking AD compliance?

When performing an inspection requires under part 91, 125, or 135

19
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Suitability for use of a specific propeller with a particular engine airplane combination can be determined by reference to what informational source

Aircraft specification or aircraft type certificate data sheet

20
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What part of the federal aviation regulations prescribes the requirements for issuing mechanics certificates and associated ratings in the general operating rules for the holders of the certificates and ratings

14 CFR part 65

21
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Which of these publications contain standards for protrusion of bolt, studs, and screws through self locking nuts

AC 43.13–1B

22
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What is true about a supplemental type certificate (STC)

A supplemental type certificate (STC) may be issued to more than one applicant for the same design change, providing each applicant shows compliance with the applicable airworthiness requirement

23
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When an aircraft is sold domestically, the airworthiness certificate

Is transferred with the aircraft at the time of sale

24
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Specifications pertaining to an aircraft model manufactured under a type certificate, of which less than 50 are shown on the FAA aircraft registry, can be found in the

Aircraft listing

25
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When performing a major repair or alteration, for which aircraft must an aviation mechanic submit form 337 to the FAA

Form 337 is required for US registered aircraft and may be requested for foreign aircraft

26
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What aircraft record entry best describes a repair of a dent in a tubular steel structure dented at a cluster

Welded and reinforcing plate over the dented area

27
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What is true about a certified mechanic with a power plant rating?

Certified mechanics with a power plant reading may perform a minor repair to a propeller, providing that they have the necessary equipment available

28
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What does the type certificate data sheet design code ‘2 PCSM’ mean

Two place (number of seats), closed, sea, monoplane

29
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For aircraft operated under part 91, what record must be retained for at least one year, until the work is repeated or superseaded

Records of maintenance, alterations, preventive maintenance, 100 hour, an annual, and progressive inspections

30
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Who is responsible for determining that materials used in aircraft maintenance and repair art of proper type and conform to the appropriate standards?

The installing person or agency

31
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How long are AD compliant records required to be kept

They shall be retained, and then transferred with the aircraft when it is sold

32
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Who is responsible for upkeep of the required maintenance records of an aircraft?

The aircraft owner

33
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For aircraft operated under part 91, what difference is there, if any, between the record and true requirements for maintenance (e.g.,repair or alterations) and the record entry requirements for inspections (beyond the description of the work performed, and the type and extent of inspection.)

Aircraft total time is required to be included only in the inspection entry

34
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If more space is needed for a work description entered on FAA form 337, what information should be included on the attached sheet (S), in addition to the rest of the work description

Aircraft, nationality, and registration marks, and the date that work was accomplished

35
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A certified mechanic with a power plant rating may perform the

100 hour inspection required by the federal aviation regulations on a power plant or any component there of an approved and return the same to service

36
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What regulation provides information regarding instrument range markings for an airplane certificated in the normal category

14 CFR part 23

37
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A certificate mechanic without an inspection authorization who signs the appropriate block on FAA form 337 is doing what

Certifying that the work was done in accordance with the requirements of 14 CFR part 43

38
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A person installing a product, part, or appliance on a type certificated product must be certain that the items records document

Product, part, or material meets FAA airworthiness standards

39
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Primary responsibility for compliance with airworthiness directive lies with the

Aircraft owner or operator

40
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What is an instant when a special flight permit may not be issued

Flying passengers on a scheduled operation

41
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Under title14 of the code of federal regulations, what is the maximum penalty for falsification, alteration, or fraudulent reproduction of certifications, logbook, reports, and records

Suspension or revocation of any certificate held

42
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A complete detailed inspection and adjustment of the valve mechanism will be made at the first 25 hours after the engine has been placed in service. Subsequent inspections of the valve mechanism will be made each second 50 hour period from the above statement at what intervals will valve mechanism inspections be performed?

100 hour

43
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What regulations are covered by 14 CFR part 1

Definitions and abbreviation

44
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The insurance of an airworthy certificate is governed by

14 CFR part 21

45
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What is classified as a major repair?

The splicing of skin sheets

46
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When work is performed on an aircraft that necessitates the use of FAA form 337, who should prepare the form

The person who performs or supervises the work

47
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Which maintenance record entry best describes the action taken for a .125 inch deep dent in a straight section of ½ inch aluminum alloy tubing

Dented section removed and replaced with identical new tubing flared at 37°

48
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A person working under the supervision of a certificated mechanic with an airframe and power plant rating is not authorized to perform

100 hour inspections

49
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When approving for return to service after maintenance or alterations, the approving person must enter in the maintenance record of the aircraft

A description (or reference to acceptable data) of work performed, data of completion, the name of the person performing the work (if someone else), signature, certificate number, and kind of certificate held

50
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What regulation provides the airworthiness standard for an airplane certified in the normal category

14 CFR part 23

51
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What is ATA ispec 2200?

Standardized electronic documentation for aircraft models

52
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Where is the record of compliance with Airworthiness Directives or manufacturers’ service bulletins normally indicated?

Aircraft maintenance records

53
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What is true about the Federal Aviation Regulations?

The Federal Aviation Regulations require approval after compliance with the data of a Supplemental Type Certificates

54
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What is the maintenance recording responsibility of the person who complies with an. Airworthiness Directive?

Make an entry in the maintenance recording of that equipment

55
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An aircraft mechanic is privileged to perform major alterations on U.S. certificates aircraft; however, the work must be done in accordance with FAA approved technical data before the aircraft can be returned to service. What is an example of something that is not approved data?

AC 43.13-2A

56
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What is the maximum duration of a temporary airman certificate?

120 days

57
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In order to reconstruct lost or destroyed aircraft maintenance records, what. Is it necessary to establish?

Total time-in-service of the airframe

58
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What is true about FAA publications?

FAA publications such as Technical Standard Orders, Airworthiness Directives, Type Certificate Data Sheets, and Aircraft Specifications and Supplemental type certificates are all approved data

59
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Placards required on an aircraft are specified in

Aircraft Specifications or Type Certificate Data Sheets

60
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For aircraft operated under Part 91, when is aircraft total time required to be recorded in aircraft maintenance records

After satisfactorily completing inspections

61
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What is the maximum penalty for cheating or other unauthorized conduct when taking an FAA mechanic test?

Ineligibility to receive any certificate or rating for one year, and suspension or revocation of any certificate held

62
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The Following is a table of airspeed limits. As given. In. An FAA-Issued aircraft specifications:

Normal operating speed 260 knots

Never-exceed speed 293 knots

Maximum landing gear operation speed 174 knots

Maximum flap extended speed 139 knots

The high end of the white arc on the airspeed instrument would be at

139 knots

63
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Check thrust bearing nuts for tightness on new or newly overhauled engines at the first 50-hour inspection following installation. Subsequent inspections on thrust bearing nuts will be made at each third 50-hour inspection. From the above statement, at what intervals should an aviation mechanic check the thrust bearing nuts for tightness?

150 hours

64
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What instrument discrepancies could be corrected by an aviation mechanic?

Red line missing, mounting screws loose, case paint chipped, or leaking at line B nut

65
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14 CFR Part 65 contains regulations regarding the certifications of

airmen other than flight cremembers

66
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Aviation Maintenance Alerts

Provide information about aircraft problems and suggested corrective actions

67
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What does the acronym TSO mean regarding a type certificates aircraft part, material, component and/ or process

Technical Standard Order

68
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The following words are an.example of what kind of statement in an AD? ‘Required within the next 25 hours time-in-service after the effective date. Of the AD, unless already accomplished

Compliance

69
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14 CFR Part 65 Subpart D contains regulations regarding the certifications of

Mechanics

70
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Under the Federal Aviation Regulations , an aviation maintenance technician is required to perform maintenance on an aircraft so that it

Is at least equal to its original or properly altered condition

71
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What aircraft record entry

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Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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