APHG Unit 3a

buddhism

believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightment or nirvana

centrifugal forces

a force that threatens the cohesion of a neighborhood, society or country

centripetal forces

a force that brings people together and unifies a neighborhood, society or country

contagious diffusion

the wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a contagious disease or forest fire, moving throughout space without regard for hierarchy

cultural appropriation

the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

diffusion

the pattern by which a phenomenon such as the movement of people, or their ideas, technologies, or preferences, spreads from a particular location through space and time

ethnic enclaves

a place with a high concentration or an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

ethnicity

identity within a group of people who share the cultural tradition of a particular homeland or hearth

ethnoburb

a suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population

ethnocentrism

based on the belief that ones own culture is inherently superior and that other nations are based backwars or under developed because their culture is different

expansion diffusion

occurs when ideas or practices spread throughout a population, from area to area, in a snowballing process so that the total number of knowers or users and the areas of occurence increase

ethnonationalism

a form of nationalism in which the nation is defined in terms of ethnic identity

folk culture

culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

fundamentalism

literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion or a religion branch, denomination or congregation

globalization

the process by which businesses and other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

habit

a repetitive act performed by a particular individual

heterogeneous

composed of different parts or elements in a population

hierarchical diffusion

occurs when ideas leapfrog from one important person, community or city to another, bypass other persons, communities or rural areas

hinduism

the main form of india which includes the worship of many gods and the belief that after you die you return to life in a different form

judaism

the religion and the way of life of jewish people. it is the oldest of the monotheistic faiths in the abrahamic tradition which include christianity and islam

sharia law

the legal framework within which public and some private aspects are regulated for those living in a legal system based on muslim principles

sequent occupance

refers to the fact that any places have been controlled or affected by a variety of groups over a period of time; those groups have reshaped the functions or meaning of those places and left behind layers of meaning

stimulus diffusion

occurs when a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted

taboo

a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

terrorism

the calculated use of violence acts against civilians and symbolic targets to publicize a cause, intimidate or coerce a population or affect the conduct of the government

theocracy

the government is presumed to be divinely ordained by god, the highest law of the land is the law of god (in whatever states religion is)

white flight

the mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs

pidgin

a trade language, characterized by a very small vocabulary derived from the languages of at least two or more groups in contact

placelessness

that feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment; occurs where local distinctiveness is erased and many places end up with similar cultural landscapes

placemaking

efforts to use and design public places to better serve the needs of residents and to foster a stronger community

popular culture

heterogeneous culture that is more influenced by key urban areas and quick to adopt new technologies; the opposite of a local culture

race

historically defined by the physical characteristics of a group especially skin color

racism

the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce and inherent superiority of a particular race

relocation diffusion

occurs when individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland

reverse hierarchical diffusion

occurs when ideas leapfrog from a lower level of a hierarchy to a higher level

custom

the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

culture

the shared practices, technologies, attitudes and behaviors that a society transmitts from one generation to the next

cultural trait

a single aspect of a given culture or society

cultural relativism

an approach to understanding other cultures that seeks to understand individuals and cultures from a wider perspective of cultural logic

cultural landscape

the built forms that cultural groups create in inhabiting earth - farm fields, cities, houses, and so on and the meaning, values, representations and experiences associated with those forms