U.S. History - Unit 4 Test

manifest destiny

- a belief amongst Americans that they held the innate right to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific

prohibition

- a nationwide, federal ban on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages

-------> influenced by the growing temperance movement

-------> at first, alcohol consumption declined immensely, especially within poor/working class ethnic communities (more men spent wages on family, rather than at saloons)

-------> eventually, however, led to an unintended increase in illegal activity by normally law abiding citizens, through bootlegging and the onslaught of speakeasies

mail order catalogs

- catalogs that companies published and distributed that advertised their products, in which these products were mail ordered and shipped to people throughout the nation via railroads and canals

- a new, efficient way for companies to sell their products

Marcus Garvey

- a Jamaican political activist who, in 1914, ended up founding UNIA along with the help of Amy Ashwood

ACLU

- the American Civil Liberties Union

-------> originally formed to combat the Palmer Raids in 1920, led by Roger Baldwin

-------> were influential in the Scopes Trial and denounced the lynching of the 3 black men involved in the Scottsboro Boys case

-------> helped spread awareness by brining attention to the justices people deserved

-------> defended free speech

NAACP

- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

-------> fought through the courts to end segregation, worked to ensure African American men could exercise their voting rights under the 15th amendment

-------> founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, and many others in 1909

-------> protested lynching/other forms of racist violence

IWW

- the Industrial Workers of the World

-------> founded by Big Bill, Daniel De Leon, Eugene V. Debs in 1905

-------> goal was for workers to gain controlling means of production

-------> sought to create a united labor union, improving conditions workers were being subjected to

-------> active in organizing strikes, rallying diverse groups, became increasingly more violent as the years went on

slums

- an overcrowded, dirty urban area with poor housing

-------> tenements were crammed together in shoddy apartment buildings that housed four families on each floor

-------> poor living caused by lack of adequate infrastructure, lack of fire protection, very little sanitation

-------> diseases rampant

Anti-Defamation League

- founded in 1913 by lawyer Sigmund Livingston to stop the false accusation of Jews and speak out against anti-semitism

-------> successfully fought discrimination in employment, housing, advocating public education campaigns, supported legislation against hate groups (i.e. the KKK)

-------> produced several books exposing hate dealers/hate groups and created campaigns to advocate for religious/racial acceptance

UNIA

- the Universal Negro Improvement Association

-------> founded by Marcus Garvey and Amy Ashwood in 1914 to promote black pride, the overall unity of African Americans, and overall black self-sufficiency

-------> tried to overcome severe racism/discrimination and reclaim African American rights

-------> appealed toward poor black people in urban ghettos, yet all different groups formed community within the organization

-------> gave African Americans a sense of belonging/purpose

Scopes Trial

- an 1925 court case involving Dayton science teacher John Scopes, who was charged for illegally teaching evolution, against the state of Tennessee

1. George Rappleyea in Dayton asked Scopes to teach evolution, and he agreed

2. Scopes arrested after Rappleyea called police on him to draw national attention, Rappleyea asked ACLU to represent Scopes on Trial

3. Scopes repped. by Clarence Darrow, Tennessee repped by William Jennings Bryan

4. Scopes won when Darrow brought Bryan to stand as an expert on the Bible, tricked him into saying that not everything in the Bible should be taken literally

5. Drew lots of attention nationally

Women's Suffrage

- a movement throughout the United States to gain the legal right to vote for women

-------> 1848: started with Seneca Falls Convention, creating the Declaration of Sentiments

-------> 1868-1870: 14th/15th amendments/citizenship voting rights for men only

-------> 1872: Susan B. Anthony votes illegally and arrested

-------> 1874: WTCU formed

-------> 1916: almost all suffrage orgs united together to gain suffrage

-------> 1917: New York adopted women's suffrage, President Wilson changed his opinion on the matter, putting the odds in their favor

-------> 1920: 19th amendment passed - women gain the right to vote!

League of Women Voters

- a grassroots organization formed in 1920 in which the members worked to educate themselves and the American voting body on public issues

Volstead Act

- act passed by Congress to enforce the 18th amendment

-------> created the Prohibition Bureau for this reason, but b/c the bureau lacked enough personnel, money, and supplies to successfully enforce prohibition, it failed

18th Amendment

- an amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transport of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

- an amendment that granted women the right to vote in the United States

patronage

- the act of granting jobs to friends and supporters, who are usually unqualified

- a corrupt behavior in which politicians frequently engaged in

Pendleton Act

- an act passed by Congress in 1883 that set guidelines for hiring civil service employees (non-military government workers)

-------> established a civil service commission to administer exams to new applicants for government jobs, which had to be specified by the president

-------> expanded the amount of civil service jobs we have today

civil service

- jobs or work within the government that excludes the military, judicial branches, and being an elected politician

Jazz Age

- what the decade of the 1920s was referred to due to the onslaught of the new musical genre of jazz that became extremely popular during this time period

-------> jazz = a blend of blues and ragtime, born in New Orleans

the Progressives

- reformers trying to improve American life

-------> the next generation of reformers after abolitionists/women's rights advocates in the 19th c.

-------> inspired by the Social Gospel and Populism (trying to help laborers/farmers)

-------> fought to clean up cities, get rid of child labor/promote child education, improve conditions for workers via workers compensation

-------> initiated political reforms (i.e. secret ballots, direct primaries, recall campaigns, initiatives, referendums)

initiative

- a political reform that allows citizens to put a law or amendment on the ballot for popular vocation in which the Progressives helped advocate for

recall campaign

- a political reform in which citizens can remove a politician in the middle of their term or before their term is finished via a popular vote in which the Progressives helped advocate for

referendum

- a political reform in which citizens would be able to take a law off the books/out of the books in which the Progressives helped advocate for

direct primaries

- a political reform in which voters would be allowed to pick the political candidates and add them to the ballot in which the Progressives helped advocate for

nativism

- a political policy of favoring native-born individuals (Americans) over foreign-born individuals (immigrants), usually done on restrictions on immigration

immigration

- the movement of people from one country to another

-------> sharp post-war rise in immigration (after 1914)

-------> predominantly European, increasingly from Southern/Eastern/central Europe

-------> from countries where WWI had started/ravished

-------> nativists in the U.S. scared that immigrants from politically unstable countries would bring radical political ideas to the U.S. (ideas of Red Scare)

-------> Restricted by 1917 Espionage Act, Sedition Act, immigration quota, National Origins Act

Red Scare

- a period in which the government launched a campaign, with the help of Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover, to arrest communists and other radicals who promoted the overthrow of the U.S. gov

-------> Palmer Raids, 1917 Espionage Act, Sedition Act, passed as a result

Palmer Raids

- raids on people the U.S. suspected of being "Radical Leftists"

-------> carried out by Alexander Mitchell Palmer (Attorney General for the U.S. Justice and Immigration Departments) in the interest of "national security"

-------> list of about 150,000 names

-------> Palmer accused of torture, wiretapping, other abuses of people's civil liberties

-------> ACLU published Report of the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice about the Palmer Raids in 1920

temperance

- moderation in drinking habits

-------> sparked the national temperance movement

-------> argued that men who didn't drink alcohol would keep jobs, be able to support family

-------> believed making alcohol illegal would lift up poor families/improve social conditions

-------> wanted people to stop drinking alcohol because it was "morally wrong", came at it from a more religious standpoint

-------> WCTU formed b/c of this movement

WCTU

- Women's Christian Temperance Union

-------> formed in 1874

-------> fought for temperance and womens suffrage

-------> wanted women to vote to protect families, believed women voting would also help alcohol get banned altogether

The Jungle

- a novel written by Upton Sinclair about the unsanitary conditions in meatpacking plants

-------> rats/rat droppings became a part of the processed meat ppl would eat

-------> unsanitary water dripped on the meat from the pipes

-------> helped pass the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Upton Sinclair

- a muckraker who wrote the novel, the Jungle, about the unsanitary conditions in meatpacking plants in hopes of exposing the meatpacking industry for these social injustices and to get regulations passed to prevent unsanitary food products from getting made and sold

Sacco & Vanzetti

- two Italian immigrants who were tried and executed for the supposed armed robbery of two pay clerks

-------> suspected radicals (anarchists)

-------> unfair trial attracted international attention

-------> people said the judge allowed anti-Italian, anti-immigrant, and anti-anarchist sentiment to influence the jury

-------> the first trial that gained worldwide attention in the U.S.

Warren G. Harding

- president of the U.S. elected in 1920

-------> legacy of scandals (all men in cabinet = thieves)

-------> "Teapot Dome Scandal" (oil) - discovered oil on federal land, but Secretary of the Interior took bribe from oil companies and gave it all away instead of using it for the country

-------> died in office

Calvin Coolidge

- president of the U.S. elected into office after the death of Warren G. Harding (he was his vice president)

-------> laissez-faire (the gov doesn't need to interfere with businesses)

-------> "The business of America's business"

-------> Smoot-Hawley Tariff - charging imports, reduced, trade, bad for economy

-------> no help for farmers (precursor to the Great Depression)

Traditionalists

- people who had a deep respect for long held cultural/religious values

-------> believed they were anchors maintaining societal order/sustainability

-------> lived in rural areas

-------> did not like the changes they witnessed after WWI

-------> appreciated the simple life

-------> clashed with Modernists over values, freedoms, and other social issues

Modernists

- people who embraced new ideas, styles, and trends

-------> viewed traditional values as restricting to individual freedom/happiness

-------> lived in urban areas

-------> clashed with Traditionalists over values, freedoms, and other social issues

-------> the divide between Traditionalists and Modernists established a great "culture war" in the U.S.

infrastructure

- facilities/equipment required for an organization/community to function

-------> (i.e. roads, sewage, power systems, transportation)

-------> during early 1900s/1920s, urban infrastructure was too inadequate for a large amount of people living in these urban areas w/ lack of fire protection, sanitation problems, poor plumbing, disease

-------> many blamed gov for inadequate urban infrastructure during this time period

Alice Paul

- one of the founders of the National Woman's Party, along with Lucy Burns

-------> key leader of the Women's Suffrage Movement

-------> fought for the passage of the 19th amendment, granting women the right to vote

-------> created the Equal Rights Amendment

National Women's Party

- (NWP) a militant group founded by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns in 1916 focused on the passage of a national suffrage amendment

-------> Supporters of NWP = Silent Sentinels,

-------> members protested, picketed, attacked the gov, educated women about voting issues to gain suffrage

-------> eventually joined forces with NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association

- (NAWSA) a suffrage group lead by Elizabeth Cady Stanton that helped organize the suffrage movement into a powerful political force at both national/state levels

-------> formed by women leading the suffrage movement

-------> Alice Paul and Lucy Burns left to form the NWP

-------> eventually joined forces with NWP

1917 Espionage Act

- an act passed by Congress in 1917 that made it illegal to spy (especially illegal to spy for Germany), interfere with government foreign policy, or resist the military draft

-------> passed as the U.S. entered WWI

immigration quota

- a law passed by Congress under the request of Harding that limited the number of people coming from each country by placing a specific number on the amount of immigrants allowed from each country

-------> passed to restrict immigration in the U.S.

improvisation

- unscripted music in which jazz musicians added to their performances, along with the traditional melodies of blues and ragtime, rather than solely relying on printed scores

-------> allowed jazz musicians to act as their own composers to some degree

consumer economy

- an economy that depends on household and individual spending on goods and services

-------> built upon the inventions of the washing machine/dryer, stove/oven, electric tools/iron, refrigerator, space heater, telephone, waffle maker, and dentist tool kit

The Jazz Singer

- the first movie with sound/the first feature-length "talkie" created in 1927

-------> revolutionized the film industry, became extremely successful, allowed dialogue to become an important part of movies from then on out

extractive industries

- businesses that removed mineral resources from the earth, harming the landscape

-------> mining companies - used explosives/drilling equipment to extract minerals necessary for industry, which polluted streams, created an unhealthy amount of coal dust that the workers breathed in, scarred the land

-------> oil drilling - dug deep into the earth in search of finding oil that was difficult to uncover

-------> most Americans did not care about the harm the extractive industries were causing to the environment

Seneca Falls Convention

- a meeting held in July of 1848 in which women, and some men, fighting for suffrage convened to discuss women's rights

-------> drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, based on the Declaration of Independence, stating that "We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal."

-------> led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

-------> laid the groundwork for future suffrage efforts

Susan B. Anthony

- a prominent leader in the suffrage movement, helping women gain the right to vote

-------> illegally voted in 1872 and was arrested for it

-------> Supreme Court decides states can deny women the vote after her arrest

-------> "Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God."

Jane Addams

- social reformer and co founder of Hull House, Chicago's first settlement that provided support for poor urban residents, including immigrants

-------> considered a Progressive

-------> served as a board member for the National Child Labor Committee

Social Gospel

- a religious movement founded on the idea that social reform and Christianity went hand in hand

-------> applied Christian teachings to social and economic problems

-------> believed that society must take responsibility for the less fortunate

-------> inspired the Progressives

social Darwinism

- the belief that just as in nature, only the "fittest" members of society could "survive"

-------> previously used to justify imperialism

-------> promoted the belief of eugenics

worker's compensation

- a payment in which workers receive when they get hurt on the job

-------> the company pays for medical bills and ensures the worker's job is waiting for them when they get out of the hospital/are better

-------> a reform the Progressives tried to advocate for to improve working conditions in the early 20th c.

Margaret Sanger

- a New York city nurse caring for poor women, who eventually opened up the nation's first family planning clinic in 1916

-------> believed that women would never achieve equality with men unless they could choose if they wanted to bear children or not

-------> arrested and jailed for illegally distributing birth control information/starting the clinic

-------> eventually founded the Planned Parenthood Federation of America

National Child Labor Committee

- a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor

-------> convinced 39 states to pass child labor laws, prohibiting children under age 14 from working

-------> helped to outlaw child labor in some states and helped it decrease nationally, allowing more children to receive an education and be educated

secret ballot

- a reform in which citizens could vote for a political candidate without other people knowing who they voted for, and in which the Progressives helped advocate for

fundamentalism

- the idea that religious texts and beliefs should be taken literally and treated as the authority on appropriate behavior, in which some Christians adopt, becoming Christian fundamentalists

-------> fundamentalists also adopted the belief of creationism, which is why they rejected the theory of evolution

-------> fundamentalists campaigned to ban teaching evolution in public schools, like William Jenning Bryan, a key fundamentalist figure

bribery

- the act of offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting something of value to influence a public official's actions

-------> political machines used bribery to exercise control at all levels of city government, controlled cities in a corrupt manner

urbanization

- the growth of cities

-------> stimulated by the rise of industry, creating new jobs that drew rural residents and immigrants to American cities

W.E.B. Du Bois

- a civil rights leader, sociologist, and historian that advocated for the immediate equality and gaining of civil rights for African Americans

-------> opposite of Booker T. Washington, who believed that African Americans should focus on educating themselves and building up their own wealth, while temporarily accepting segregation and racism until further action can be taken

-------> Du Bois critiqued Washington on his philosophy in his novel, The Souls of Black Folk in 1903, saying that Washington's approach would only perpetuate white oppression

Ida B. Wells

- noted African American journalist, newspaper editor, and civil rights activist

-------> one of the founders of the NAACP, noted for her relentless reporting on actual instances of lynching/racist abuse

-------> threatened many times with murder/lynching, yet she never quit her mission to document the atrocities that African Americans experienced during this time period

bootlegging

- the production, transport, and sale of illegal alcohol

-------> became a multibillion dollar business by the mid-1920s

-------> brought on by the onslaught of prohibition and the 18th amendment

popular culture

- the culture of ordinary people (i.e. music, art, literature, and entertainment)

-------> shaped and influenced by industries that spread information and ideas, like mass media (newspapers, magazines, films, radio, jazz)

Al Capone

- a notorious Chicago bootlegger and gangster during the Prohibition era

-------> bribed politicians, judges, and police officers

-------> eliminated rival bootleggers

-------> had a thousand-member gang accredited with hundreds of murders

-------> eventually sentenced to jail for tax evasion

speakeasies

- secret drinking clubs in the 1920s formed due to the onslaught of prohibition and the 18th amendment

-------> speakeasy = speaking quietly about illegal saloons, to not alert the police

-------> where men and women went to drink illegally during the Prohibition Era

Theory of Evolution

- Charles Darwin's controversial theory stating that all plants and animals, including humans, had evolved from simpler forms of life

-------> the evolution of one species from another occurred over thousands/millions of years

-------> natural selection = species that make favorable adaptations to their environment are more likely to survive/reproduce then those that do not, how new species evolve from old ones

-------> argued that human beings had evolved from apes

Charles Darwin

- British naturalist who created the theory of evolution and the ideas of natural selection/survival of the fittest

-------> ideas controversial in the U.S. (i.e. Scopes Trial)

creationism

- the belief that God created the universe as described in the Bible

-------> conflicted with the theory of evolution, why fundamentalists rejected the theory and further campaigned against it

eugenics

- the belief that human species should be improved by forbidding people with characteristics judged undesirable to reproduce

muckrakers

- a term created by Theodore Roosevelt for people who exposed and critiqued the nation's social faults in its writings

ex: Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair, and Ida B. Wells

Jacob Riis

- a photographer, reporter, and journalist, deemed a "muckraker", often exposing and discussing the conditions of the urban poor

-------> arrived in New York as a poor immigrant in 1870

-------> wrote the novel, "How the Other Half Lives"

-------> famous for his picture of three homeless boys sleeping in an alley

grassroots organization

- organizations in which members establish direct operations, rather than a single, central leader

ex: League of Women Voters

ERA

- an amendment created by Alice Paul of the NWP in 1923 to guarantee equal rights for all Americans, regardless of gender

-------> was not originally approved by Congress until 1972 when it was sent to be ratified by all the states

-------> not enough states ratified it, but the amendment keeps getting reintroduced to Congress ever since 1982

flappers

- daring young women in the 1920s who broke the traditional social norms

-------> colored and cut their hair

-------> wore dresses without corsets that didn't cover their knees

-------> wore stockings below their knees and unfastened rain boots

-------> makeup, beads, bracelets, cigarette holders

-------> danced the night away at jazz clubs

Hays Office

- the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)

-------> named for former Postmaster General Will Hays

-------> issued the Hays Code that banned prolonged kissing and positive portrayals of casual sex in 1920s to restore traditional morality against the young generation that was coming up

Dry Perspective

- "Drys" = prohibition supporters, including traditionalists and progressive reformers (usually living in rural areas)

-------> alcoholism = exacerbated crime/violence/family tensions, believed 18th amendment would improve society

-------> believed prohibition would moderate city antics/improve society, saw it as "triumph of rural over urban areas"

-------> associated drinking with immigrants, thought prohibition would curb "foreign" influences in U.S.

Wet Perspective

- "Wets" = opponents of prohibition, including modernists, those in large cities, and/or immigrant communities

-------> believed prohibition was an attempt by the federal gov to legislate morality

-------> called "Drys" ignorant, resented the idea that drinking was sinful

-------> amount of "Wets" grew as prohibition went on, as many Americans refused to abstain from drinking, by going to speakeasies/bootlegging illegally

-------> believed that prohibition restricted freedom, and saw how it was breeding crime

21st Amendment

- an amendment repealing prohibition, ending the national ban on alcohol

William Jennings Bryan

- a major politican, serving as secretary of state under President Wilson who was a key leader of the fundamentalist movement and served as a lawyer for the state of Tennessee during the Scopes Trial

-------> believed teaching evolution in schools would promote social Darwinism and eugenics and further weaken U.S. democracy, and strengthen class pride/power of wealth

Clarence Darrow

- a high-powered lawyer who defended John Scopes in the Scopes Trial of 1925

-------> won the case against the state of Tennessee after tricking William Jennings Bryan into testifying saying that not everything in the Bible should be taken literally

Silent Sentinels

- a group of NWP supporters led by Alice Paul

-------> arrested while picketing the White House in 1917, some went on hunger strikes/endured forced feeding

-------> demanded President Wilson grant them suffrage, stood vigil at the White House, carrying signs that compared him to the Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany