Anatomy and Physiology Lab Exam 1

Anatomical Position

Universally accepted standard position. Body is erect, feet slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.

Axial

Relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body

Appendicular

Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis

Abdominal

Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs

Acromial

Point of the shoulder

Antebrachial

Forearm

Antecubital

Anterior surface of elbow

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Buccal

Cheek

Carpal

Wrist

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Neck region

Coxal

Hip

Crural

Leg

Digital

Fingers or toes

Femoral

Thigh

Fibular (peroneal)

Side of the leg

Frontal

Forehead

Hallux

Great toe

Inguinal

Groin

Mammary

Breast

Manus

Hand

Mental

Chin

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Orbital

Bony eye socket (orbit)

Palmar

Palm of the hand

Patellar

Anterior knee (kneecap) region

Pedal

Foot

Pelvic

Pelvis region

Pollex

Thumb

Pubic

Genital region

Sternal

Region of the breastbone

Tarsal

Ankle

Thoracic

Chest

Umbilical

Navel (belly button)

Calcaneal

Heel of the foot

Dorsum

Back

Gluteal

Buttocks or rump

Lumbar

Area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin

Occipital

Posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull

Olecranal

Posterior aspect of the elbow

Otic

Ear

Perineal

Region between the anus and the external genitalia

Plantar

Sole of the foot

Popliteal

Back of the knee

Sacral

Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)

Scapular

Scapula or shoulder blade area

Vertebral

Area of the spinal column

Sural

Calf or posterior surface of leg

Superior

Above another structure

Inferior

Below another structure

Anterior

In front of another structure

Posterior

Behind another structure

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Cephalad

Toward the head

Caudal

Toward the tail

Dorsal

Backside

Ventral

Bellyside

Proximal

Nearer the trunk or attached end

Distal

Farther from the trunk or attached end

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right parts

Frontal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse plane

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

Dorsal body cavity

Contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

Cranial cavity

contains the brain

Vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

Ventral Body cavity

Contains the thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Contains heart and lungs

Abdominal cavity

contains the stomach, intestines, liver and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

Chromatin

Genetic material loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus

Chromosomes

Rodlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin, formed during cell division

Nucleoli

Small round bodies in nucleus composed primarily of proteins and RNA

Nuclear envelope

Double-layered porous nucleus memberane

Nuclear pores

Openings in the nuclear envelope that control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

Phospholipid bilayer, cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Consists of organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol

Organelles

"small organs" of the cell

Cytosol

fluid cytoplasmic material, intracellular fluid

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

Transport of proteins, A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids

Golgi apparatus

Stack of flattened sacs that plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell

Lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances

Peroxisomes

Contains oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen, and peroxide

Mitochondria

Site of ATP production

Centrioles

Cylinder structures that are composed of microtubules, direct formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

Cytoskeletal elements

Support the cell

Interphase

Cell carries out normal metabolic activities and grows

Early Prophase

Late Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division