AP Bio Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

studied byStudied by 5 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

anabolic reactions

1 / 58

flashcard set

Earn XP

59 Terms

1

anabolic reactions

forming bonds between molecules consuming energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

New cards
2

catabolic reactions

breaking bonds between molecules; breakdown pathways; like digestion(hydrolysis)

New cards
3

exergonic reactions

chemical reactions that release energy

New cards
4

endergonic reactions

chemical reactions that require input of energy

New cards
5

activation energy

the energy required to break bonds in the reactant molecules and start chemical reactions; must absorb energy to break bonds

New cards
6

Enzyme

a protein that reduces the activation energy of reactions in a cell, but is not used up in the reactions (acts as a catalyst) - speeds up a reaction

New cards
7

enzyme specificity

enzymes have a specific shape to specific chemical reaction (1 enzyme = 1 reaction type)

New cards
8

substrate

substance on which the enzyme acts; binds to enzyme according to shape

New cards
9

active site

enzymes catalytic site; substrate fits like a key into a lock

New cards
10

Denaturation

Destroying the function of a protein by changing its structure (can be done by changing temperature, pH, or salinity)

New cards
11

Induced Fit model

substrate binding causes enzyme to change shape and have tighter fit

New cards
12

Increasing Enzyme Concentration

more enzymes equals more frequently collide with substrate; equilibrium is reached when the amount of substrate equals the amount of enzyme

New cards
13

Increasing substrate concentration

More substrate equals more frequent collisions with enzymes; all enzymes have active site engaged; enzyme becomes saturated

New cards
14

inhibitors

molecules that reduce enzyme activity

New cards
15

competitive inhibtion

inhibitor competes with substrate for active site by binding in the active site and blocking the substrate

New cards
16

non-competitive inhibition

type of inhibition where an inhibitor binds to site other than active site causing enzyme to change shape; active site no longer functions

New cards
17

Allosteric regulation

when molecules bind somewhere other than the active site; cause a change in enzymes shape; can inhibit or activate

New cards
18

Feedback inhibition

the final product is in a metabolic pathway is an enzyme inhibitor for an earlier step

New cards
19

Cofactors

small inorganic compounds like Mg, K, Ca, Zn and other minerals; that increase the activity of enzymes

New cards
20

Coenzymes

non-protein organic molecules that bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site; like many vitamins

New cards
21

Allosteric Inhibitor

a molecule that binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity

New cards
22

Allosteric activator

a molecule that binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity

New cards
23

Enzyme cooperativity

A substrate molecule bound to an active site of one subunit promotes substrate binding to the active site of other subunits.

New cards
24

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

New cards
25

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness.

New cards
26

energy coupling

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.

New cards
27

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

New cards
28

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

New cards
29

Oxidation

loss of electrons (or hydrogen)

New cards
30

reduction

gain of electrons (or hydrogen)

New cards
31

Phosphorylation

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

New cards
32

Chemiosmosis

making ATP using the energy from a hydrogen ion concentration gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

New cards
33

ATP synthase

The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

New cards
34

reactants of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

New cards
35

reactants of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and water

New cards
36

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

New cards
37

products of photosynthesis

glucose and oxygen (products)

New cards
38

Glycolysis

breakdown of glucose into pyruvate; produces small amount of ATP; no oxygen required

New cards
39

location of glycolysis

cytoplasm

New cards
40

location of citric acid cycle

matrix of mitochondria

New cards
41

products of the citric acid cycle

NADH, FADH2, CO2, some ATP

New cards
42

location of electron transport chain

inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

New cards
43

cellular respiration electron carriers

NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2

New cards
44

photosynthesis electron carriers

NADP+ to NADPH

New cards
45

Products of cell respiration Electron Transport Chain

water and lots of ATP

New cards
46

final electron acceptor in cell respiration

Oxygen

New cards
47

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

New cards
48

products of fermentation

ethanol and lactic acid

New cards
49

inputs of light reactions

light, water, ADP, NADP+

New cards
50

products of light reactions

ATP, NADPH, O2

New cards
51

location of light reactions

thylakoid membrane

New cards
52

location of Calvin cycle

stroma

New cards
53

Inputs of Calvin Cycle

CO2, ATP, NADPH

New cards
54

Main Product of Calvin Cycle

G3P (used to make sugars like glucose)

New cards
55

CAM plants

plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis

New cards
56

ATP production in both cell respiration and photosynthesis

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

New cards
57

C4 plants

separate the reactions in photosynthesis by running the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle in different cells

New cards
58

C4 and CAM plants

plants that have adapted to hot, dry conditions

New cards
59

Role of pigments in photosynthesis

absorb light energy at specific wavelengths

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 38999 people
... ago
4.9(89)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 19 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (108)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (50)
studied byStudied by 52 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (24)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (35)
studied byStudied by 168 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (39)
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (44)
studied byStudied by 39 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (50)
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (72)
studied byStudied by 23 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot