Chapter 18-Blood

What is Blood?

A continuously regenerated connective tissue that transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones.

What are the main parts of the cardiovascular system?

Heart (pumps blood), arteries (away from heart), veins (toward heart), capillaries (exchange).

What are the three main functions of blood?

Transportation, protection, and regulation.

What does blood transport?

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes.

How does blood protect the body?

Leukocytes fight pathogens; platelets and proteins prevent blood loss.

How does blood regulate body temperature?

Absorbs heat from cells and releases it at the skin.

Normal blood pH range?

7.35-7.45(slightly alkaline)

Average blood volume in adults?

About 5 liters (4–6 L range).

What is viscosity

Thickness of blood; blood is 4–5x thicker than water.

What are the two main components of blood?

Formed elements and plasma.

Name the formed elements.

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.

What makes up plasma?

92% water, 7% proteins, 1% solutes.

What is the buffy coat?

Thin middle layer of WBCs and platelets after centrifuging blood.

What is colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?

Pressure from plasma proteins that prevents fluid loss from blood.

Most abundant plasma protein?

albumin

Functions of globulins?

Transport molecules; gamma globulins act as antibodies.

Function of fibrinogen?

forms fibrin for blood clots

What is hemoglobin?

Red protein in RBCs that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin carry?

four

What is hematocrit?

Percentage of RBCs in whole blood.

Normal hematocrit ranges?

Males 42–56%, females 38–46%.

What transports iron in blood?

transferrin

What stores iron?

ferritin

What is blood doping?

Increasing RBC count for athletic performance (illegal and dangerous).

What is diapedesis?

WBCs squeezing through blood vessel walls.

What is chemotaxis?

Movement of WBCs toward infection chemicals.

Most common leukocyte?

neutrophil

Neutrophils increase during what?

bacterial infections

Which leukocyte fights parasites and allergies?

eosinophil

Which leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

What do monocytes become in tissues?

macrophages

Three types of lymphocytes?

T cells, B cells, NK cells

What is leukopenia?

low WBC count

What is leukocytosis?

high WBC count

What are platelets?

cell fragments that help blood clot

Normal platelet count?

150,000-400,000 per mm³

How long do platelets circulate?

8-10 days

How does Carbon Monoxide Kill?

CO binds to hemoglobin which prevents oxygen from binding

What Iron-deficiency anemia?

low iron

What is Aplastic Anemia?

bone marrow does not produce enough RBC

Hemorrhagic Anemia

extreme blood loss

Sickle Cell Anemia?

blood cells shaped abnormally-genetic

What is Leukemia?

Cancer of the blood, overproduction of WBC’s

What is Mononucleosis?

“the kissing disease”, increases one type of white blood cell in bloodstream

What is Septicemia?

blood poisoning-infection in bloodstream

What is thrombocytopenia?

low production of platelets

What is hemophilia?

blood doesn’t clot (queen victoria)

What is Juandice?

bilirubin builds up due to liver not functioning

What is hemochromatosis?

unable to get rid of excess iron

What is Beta thalassemia?

less hemoglobin

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood Cells

What are leukocytes?

white blood cells

What do eosinophils do?

defending against parasitic infections

What do basophils do?

allergic reactions

What do neutrophils do?

most numerous,fight infections

What do monocytes do?

in tissues, phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris

What do lymphocytes do?

T,B,NK, cells, immune response, produce antibodies, attack infected tissue

What do platelets do?

help form clots to prevent blood loss

What do megakaryocytes do?

produce platelets

What is hemopoiesis?

creation of new blood cells

What is erythropoiesis?

red blood cell production

What is hemoglobin?

iron-rich protein in RBC that carry oxygen

What is HDL?

“good cholesteral”-high density lipoprotein

What is LDL?

“bad cholesterol”-low density lipoprotein

Define cholesterol

made by liver, -builds cells, hormones, vitamin D

Define hematocrit

percentage of RBC in whole blood

Order of blood clotting.

1st vascular spasm, 2nd platelet plug, 3rd coagulation