ap bio unit 6

DNA replication occurs in a - manner, where each new double helix contains one old strand and one new strand.

semi-conservative

DNA polymerase builds new strands in the __________ to __________ direction, reading the template strand __________ to __________.

A: 5' to 3', 3' to 5'

__________ unwinds the DNA helix, __________ prevents supercoiling, __________ builds new DNA, and __________ joins fragments on the lagging strand.

Helicase, topoisomerase, DNA polymerase, ligase

During transcription, DNA is used as a template to build a strand of __________. This occurs in the __________ of eukaryotic cells.

mRNA, nucleus

RNA processing in eukaryotes includes adding a __________ cap, a - tail, and removing __________.

5' GTP, poly-A, introns

During translation, the __________ reads the mRNA sequence and builds a __________ based on codon instructions.

ribosome, protein (polypeptide)

Each mRNA codon matches a __________ on tRNA, which carries a specific __________ __________ to the growing chain.

anticodon, amino acid

In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated by __________ __________, while in prokaryotes it's controlled by __________ (like the lac operon).

transcription factors, operons

A mutation in DNA may lead to a protein that is __________, __________, or has __________ effect at all.

nonfunctional, improved, no

__________ __________ separates DNA fragments by size, while __________ is used to amplify DNA segments.

Gel electrophoresis, PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

__________ __________ is the process of introducing foreign DNA (like plasmids) into bacterial cells.

Bacterial transformation