Human Development Ch12

Identity Vs Role confusion:

eriksons theory; psychological conflict of adolescence where young adults go through an identity crisis: period of distress as they experiment and search for their values and goals for life; inner soul searching

 four identity statuses

Identity achievement, identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, identity diffusion

identity achievement

High commitment, high exploration, commitment to values, beliefs, & goals after high exploration

identity moratorium

Low commitment, high exploration, low commitment to values due to still being in exploration stage 

identity foreclosure

High commitment, low exploration, committing to values & goals w/o exploring alternatives due to values chosen by higher authority

identity diffusion

Low commitment, low exploration, lack clear direction; low commitment to values with lack of exploration of them

preconventional level

morality is externally controlled and self centered, includes stages 1 & 2

Stage 1: The Punishment and obedience orientation-

morality is based on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment; do good things bc you dont wanna get in trouble

Stage 2: The Instrumental purpose & orientation-

realize ppl have different perspectives/viewpoints in morality, however morality is based on self interest. Ex: “you do this for me, i do this for you”

conventional level

individuals regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest. Rather, they believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order, includes stages 3 & 4

Stage 3: “Good boy–good girl”

(ideal reciprocity; care for others as they care for self)desire to obey rules because they promote social harmony, and desire to keep affection/approval of friends

Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining orientation,

belief that law is law and everyone must obey it despite proximity to oneself (mom, dad, brother)

Postconventional or principled level- 

move beyond unquestioning support for their own society’s rules and laws. Define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies

Stage 5: Social contract orientation-

alternatives in how we deal with certain circumstances exist; advocate for fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law. More than just right or wrong, actually analyze situation

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle

principal that everyone has value & dignity; right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all people, regardless of law and social agreement.

moral reasoning and schooling

-Higher educations leads to advanced moral reasoning

-Schools that participate in inclusive environments such as having a Straight-Gay Alliance, creating classrooms of respect and fairness influence students to be more accepting and therefore develop/influence their moral reasoning even further

Parent adolescent relationships

Teenagers strive for autonomy, independent decision making, self reliance emotionally

Deidealize parents

most important in adolescent friendships

social/emotional intimacy supported by mutual understanding of beliefs, values, and feelings and loyalty

Girls gender differences in friendships:

more emotional closeness, conversations consist of self disclosure and  mutually supportive statements

boys gender differences in friendships

gather mainly for activity(sports or competitive games), conversations on successes in sports and school and involve competition and conflict

what is early dating related to

Related to drug use, sex, delinquency, low academic achievements, dating violence

depression amongst teens

Most common psychological problems in teens, twice as many girls as boys, most do not receive treatment

why does suicide increases in teens

Rise in depressed mood, ability to plan ahead and successfully commit suicide, belief in personal fable, isolation, family/social problems

what thinking process contributes to rise in suicide

Personal fable- belief their experience is so unique that no one gets them

Parenting found amongst deliquent youths

Parenting that is low in warmth, high in conflict, harsh/inconsistent discipline alongside weak control and monitoring. Children who experience parental divorce

deliquent youth characteristics

Difficult temperament, low intelligence, poor school performance, peer rejection in childhood, and association with antisocial peers