BIO 3.2.1.1 - Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Function of mitochondria

site of aerobic respiration

releases ATP

Structure of mitochondria

double membrane

• inner one folds to form cristae

• respiratory enzymes embedded

fluid centre called mitochondrial matrix

• loop of DNA, proteins, lipids, ribosomes

Structure of lysosome

vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes

• lysozymes proteases lipases

function of lysosome

involved in breakdown of worn down incorrect parts of the cell

• worn out organelles, misshapen non functional proteins

foreign material

• eg virus particles

structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum

interconnected cisternae (flattened sacs)

continuous with nuclear envelope

has ribosomes on cisternae

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

provides large SA for protein synthesis

involved in folding and processing proteins

structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

no ribosomes

tubular cisternae

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesises, stores, transports lipids steroids and carbohydrates (all C,H,O)

structure of Golgi

stacks of flattened cisternae

vesicles pinched off from ends continuously

function of Golgi

proteins and lipids are passed through for modification - sorting - transportation

• eg. adding carbs to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

produce lysosomes

structure of vesicles

bubble of membrane

function of vesicles

transport contents of vesicle

• e.g. secretory enzymes from golgi apparatus to extracellular space (exocytosis)

  • enzyme reaches end of golgi and a vesicle is pinched off which travels to the cell membrane and fuses with it, releasing the enzyme

structure of ribosomes

made up of 2 protein subunits (small and large) and a rRNA strand

2 types (S can stand for size)

• 80S: eukaryotic

• 70S: prokaryotic, mitochondria, chloroplasts

function of ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

structure of nucleus and functions/features of each part

nuclear envelope

• double membrane surrounding nucleus

nuclear pores

• where membranes join forming pores to allow movement of substance ( like mRNA)

nucleoplasm

• cytoplasm of nucleus, full of chromatin

  • CHROMATIN is loose DNA and histones which form chromosomes during cell division

Nucleolus

• makes ribosomes and rRNA

function of nucleus

controls cells activities by controlling transcription of DNA

function of cell wall

structural support due to lack of skeleton

prevents bursting under osmotic pressure (turgidity)

structure of cell wall

Plant

• cellulose microfibrils

Algal

• cellulose and/or glycoproteins

Fungal

• chitin glycan glycoproteins

(Bacterial even tho it’s not eukaryotic)

• murein(peptidoglycan)

function of vacuole

make cells turgid for support

temporary store of sugars and amino acids

structure of vacuole

fluid filled sac

membrane called tonoplast

function of chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

structure of chloroplast

double membrane

grana

• stacks of disc shaped thylakoids which are membranes that contain chlorophyll

• joined by lamellae

stroma

• fluid filled matrix containing enzymes for photosynthesis

DNA and ribosomes, semi autonomous

lipid droplets and starch grains for energy