History of Medical Laboratory Science and Related Topics — Flashcards

A comprehensive set of practice questions and answers covering key figures, discoveries, and milestones from the history of medical laboratory science and related fields as presented in the notes.

Who is known as the Father of Medicine?

Hippocrates.

Who described diabetes as 'diarrhea of urine' and discussed the 3 Ps of diabetes?

Claudius Galenus (Galen).

What are the four humors of the body?

Blood (Sanguine), Phlegm (Phlegmatic), Yellow Bile (Choleric), Black Bile (Melancholic).

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

Sign is objective evidence; symptom is subjective experience.

What does uroscopy refer to?

Examination of urine to diagnose disease (water casting).

What are the 3 Ps of Diabetes according to Galen?

Polydipsia, Polyuria, Polyphagia.

Who invented the stethoscope and when?

Rene Laennec (1840).

Who invented the spirometer?

John Hutchinson.

Who invented the ophthalmoscope?

Hermann von Helmholtz (1850).

Who discovered X-rays and in what year?

Wilhelm Roentgen; 1895.

Who developed the electrocardiograph?

Willem Einthoven (1903).

Who devised the Kenny Method?

Elizabeth Kenny (1910).

What is the Drinker Respirator?

A respirator for poliomyelitis patients; Philip Drinker (1927).

Who invented the Heart-Lung Machine and when?

John Gibbon; 1939.

What is Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography and who reported it safe in humans?

Discovered/safely used by Andre Cournand (1941).

Which university established the William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine and when?

University of Pennsylvania; 1895.

Who developed a method to certify medical technologists in the US in 1918?

John Kolmer.

What development occurred in 1920 in clinical laboratories?

Administrative units directed by a chief physician.

What organization was formed in 1922 related to pathology?

American Society for Clinical Pathology.

When did licensure examinations for MT start in the US?

1950s.

Where and when was the first Hospital Real established in the Philippines?

Cebu, 1565.

What hospital did the Franciscans build in 1578 in the Philippines?

San Lazaro Hospital.

When was Hospital de San Juan De Dios established in the Philippines?

1596.

When was the University of Santo Tomas established?

1611.

When was Hospital de San Jose in Cavite established?

1641.

When did UST establish the first faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine?

1871.

When were provincial medical officers appointed in the Philippines?

1876.

When was the Board of Health and Charity established in the Philippines?

1883.

When did the Board of Health and Charity expand in the Philippines?

1886.

When was Laboratorio de Municipal de Manila established?

1887.

Who was employed as a chemical expert to test water, food, and clinical samples in Manila?

Antonio Luna.

What did Henry Lipincott do in 1898?

Converted the Spanish military hospital into the First Reserve Hospital.

What Philippine agency was established in 1901?

Bureau of Government Laboratories.

What agency was established in 1905?

Bureau of Science.

What happened to the Philippine Bureau of Health in 1915?

Reorganized into the Philippine Health Services.

What program began at the University of the Philippines in 1927?

Certificate in Public Health (CPH) Program.

What disease was malaria historically thought to be transmitted by bad air but later shown to be mosquito-borne?

Malaria.

Who improved the microscope in 1660?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.

Who introduced vaccination against smallpox using cowpox?

Edward Jenner.

What is variolation?

Inoculation with smallpox to confer immunity; origin linked to vaccination from 'Vacca' meaning cow.

Who identified organs by tissue types and proposed five hierarchies?

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat.

What are the five hierarchical levels proposed by Bichat?

Cell, Tissues, Organ, Organ system, Organism.

Who produced disease in silkworms by injecting organic materials?

Agostino Bassi.

What significant contribution did Louis Pasteur make in 1857 related to rabies?

Immunity to rabies; development of the rabies vaccine.

What is the nature of the rabies virus?

Lyssavirus; negative-sense RNA; bullet-shaped.

Who formulated the Law of Inherited Characteristics?

Gregor Mendel (1866).

What did Joseph Lister contribute to surgery?

Surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms; antiseptic techniques.

Who is associated with the discovery of bacilli and tuberculosis in bacteriology?

Robert Koch.

Who described phagocytes and their role in immunity?

Elie Metchnikoff.

What did Ernst von Bergmann contribute to surgical practice?

Steam sterilization in surgery.

Who discovered the ABO blood group system and when is Landsteiner's contribution noted?

Karl Landsteiner; 1902.

What is the Wassermann test used for?

Immunologic test for syphilis.

Who identified Rickettsiae in 1906?

Howard Ricketts.

What did Hans Fischer determine in 1929?

Structure of hemoglobin (tetrameric protein with heme iron).

Who developed the poliomyelitis vaccine in 1954?

Jonas Salk.

What are Westgard rules and who introduced them?

Quality control rules for clinical labs; James Westgard (1973).

Who developed the Hepatitis B vaccine and when?

Baruch S. Blumberg (1980).

What did Kary Mullis develop in 1985?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Who introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in 1992?

Andre Van Steirteghem.

Who derived the first human embryonic stem cell line and when?

James Thomson (1998).