Islam People and tribes

Tuff

Bedouins

Nomadic Arab tribes of the desert, traditionally herders and traders, known for their tribal structure and oral poetry.

Arabs

A Semitic people originally from the Arabian Peninsula, united by language and culture; many became followers of Islam.

Muhammad

The founder of Islam, regarded by Muslims as the last prophet of God (Allah); born in Mecca around 570 CE.

Khadijah

The first wife of Muhammad, a wealthy merchant, and the first person to convert to Islam.

Abu Bakr

Close companion and father-in-law of Muhammad; became the first caliph after Muhammad’s death.

Uthman

The third caliph; known for compiling the Quran into a single text; a member of the Umayyad clan.

Ali

Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law; the fourth caliph; central figure in the Shia-Sunni split.

Muawiya Umayyad

Founder of the Umayyad Dynasty after Ali’s assassination; made the caliphate hereditary. He served as the first Umayyad caliph, expanding the empire significantly.

Hussein

Son of Ali; martyred at the Battle of Karbala; highly revered in Shia Islam.

Yazid

Son of Muawiya; his army killed Hussein at Karbala.

Ibn Sina

Persian physician and philosopher; wrote The Canon of Medicine.He is known as one of the most significant thinkers in the history of medicine and is often referred to as Avicenna in the West.

Al Khwarizmi

Persian mathematician; known as the father of algebra. He introduced the concepts of algorithm and algebraic equations.