CHD 201

During middle-childhood, sexuality

should be discussed and explained by adults.

Willer and Bredekamp (1990) propose a redefinition of readiness emphasizing that

we need to ensure that children enter school ready to succeed and that schools are ready to help all children succeed.

Select the statement(s) that correctly describes young children's literacy development.

Identifying environmental print is an early step in learning to read.- By age three, children know that print carries a message.- Literacy develops through interacting with print in a meaningful and purposeful way. - Young children believe that to be read, print must have at least three different letters.

Vygotsky viewed cognition as a social activity.

True

"Jerry! You have made a terrible mess! Now you get a spanking, and if you ever do it again, you'll get a harder spanking." This is an example of which technique?

Power assertive

The classroom that serves as a resource for children and offer an alternative perception of themselves provides a clear structures and very clear expectations and limits.

True

Which of the following is not a reason for not adopting bilingual education as the major approach to language learning with children who do not speak English as their primary language?

English is the primary language in our country, and it is not appropriate to teach in other languages in our public schools.

Boys who are victims of aggression in third and fourth grade tend to come from homes that had harsh, disorganized, and potentially abusive atmospheres when they were preschoolers.

True

The developmentally appropriate classroom is arranged in centers containing concrete activities that focus on various instructional areas such as writing, reading, mathematics, science, art, music, dramatic play, and the like.

True

The effort to provide programs to sustain continuity in early childhood education that resulted in Project Follow-Through was not successful due to the weak curricula of these experimental programs.

False

Constance Kamii believes that work sheets

are harmful, even in the primary grades.

Rudy is an isolate. He never plays with other children. Mrs. Chen takes some videos of the other children playing. One day she takes Rudy to another room and shows him the film. She points out some of the social skills used by the other children. This is an example of

modeling.

Select the statement(s) that correctly describes young children's literacy development.

Contrary to earlier beliefs,if the environment is print-rich and supportive people are available, children gain concepts about reading and writing naturally.

Children of authoritarian parents are usually independent, competent, and assertive.

False

Playing alone involving repeated motor activity with or without objects and/or dramatizing falls in the category of

solitary active play.

Play and physical development are closely related.

True

Reflective learning enhances symbolic development and growth.

True

"The children at Johnny's table are all seated and look like they are ready to eat." This is an example of which technique?

Modeling

When it comes to offsetting some effects of the violence children may meet outside of the school or center, adults

can teach nonviolent social skills.

Typically, children have a hard time sitting still when they are

six years old.

Learning that takes place from the inside out is

reflective learning.

Participation in an inclusive preschool class helps typical children accept diversity in others.

True

The children whose parents use this type of disciplinary technique always seem to know what their parents expect without being told.

harmonious

Parents who use this disciplinary technique are not very nurturing or sympathetic and use threats.

authoritarian

The children whose parents use this type of disciplinary technique tend to be the most immature.

permissive

These parents use withdrawal of love or ridicule as punishment techniques.

authoritarian

Jamilia and Kate are playing. Jamilia takes Kate's truck. Kate is crying and runs to get her mother. Mother comes in looking angry. She says, "Jamilia, you are a bad girl! Give that truck back to Kate. You go sit on that chair for 10 minutes and then I expect you to come back and play nicely." This discipline approach will certainly help Jamilia to develop better prosocial behavior.

False

Recess is not necessary for primary children. It is a waste of time.

False

The emotional aspects of affection (what the person feels) may be more important than the outward expression of affection.

True

There are neural differences among monolingual and bilingual speakers depending on when the second language was learned.

True

Antisocial behaviors are

both physically aggressive and nonaggressive.

In the Charlesworth and Hartup research, four-year-olds gave more positive reinforcements than three-year-olds.

True

Invented spelling ability appears to be the key factor in attaining success in conventional reading.

True

\_____The approach for bilingual instruction of Second Language Learners that begins with instruction in the native language and moves as quickly as possible to English is

Transitional

\____The approach for bilingual instruction that is designed for both language minority and language majority speakers, with the expectation that both groups will be academically successful and bilingual, is

Two way

\_____This approach builds skills in the native language while simultaneously moving toward mastery of English.

Maintenance/development

\____ The actions and activities through which children construct knowledge.

Play

Phonemic awareness is the

ability to hear and identify individual sounds and spoken words.

Time-out is a method used to decrease children's unacceptable behavior.

TRUE

The No Child Left Behind law has the objective that every child will

be able to read by the end of third grade.

Invented spellings provide the transition from Kindergarten to First Grade.

True

When a child with HIV attends school, administrators should not inform teachers, parents, or children in order to protect the child's privacy.

False

Overall, the research evaluating bilingual early childhood programs indicates that children from programs that develop proficiency in both languages have achievement in both languages and divergent thinking ability.

True

The theorist whose interest is observational learning of affective-related behaviors is

Albert Bandura.

A theorist who is interested in the cognitive aspects of social behavior is

Jean Piaget.

This theorist focuses on the modification of behavior, including the affective

​B.F. Skinner

The theorist whose theory centers on self actualization through satisfying a hierarchy of needs is

Abraham Maslow.

Outward expressions of love such as tickling, hugging, and squeezing are the most important components of the adult/child affectional relationship.

False

According to Elizabeth Graue, readiness refers to

a variety of definitions depending on who is doing the defining, as much as the child's skills, maturity, and abilities.

Factors associated with obesity include

lack of required hours of sleep and energy balance.

Which of the following is not a finding from research on culture preschool/kindergarten children's language development?

ELL students in preschool classroom had frequent interactions with English speaking peers.

The approach to reading and writing that places the children and their needs at the center of the curriculum is called

whole language.

Research shows which of the following regarding preschool/kindergarten children's speech?

Private speech is used for self-guidance.

Piaget believed that through child-child relationships

children have the opportunity to practice autonomous decision making, which can support perspective taking and decentering.

Listening to children's speech

broadens vocabulary and encourages children to talk more.

African-American English (AAE), or Ebonics, is rooted in the languages of West Africa, with African grammar and English vocabulary.

True

"Milly and Johnnie, you are working hard putting all the toys away." This is an example of which technique?

Reinforcement

According to Vygotsky's theory, higher mental functions begin to emerge around age seven.

True

Federal law requires that children with limited English ability must be \______.

evaluated and provided with appropriate services

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is based on the belief that some needs are more basic than others and therefore must be satisfied first.

True

Children usually don't master skipping until they are about six years old.

False

Parents are placing pressure on preschool teachers for more academics in preschool programs and hiring tutors to drill their young children on letters and numbers.

True

Research on the use of standardized group-administered paper-and-pencil achievement tests with young children

has demonstrated that children show increased levels of stress when taking these tests.

For this theorist, the critical element in relationships is social reciprocity.

Jean Piaget

Morality is best defined as

values, judgments, and reasoning.

Which of the following is not a skill identified by Hartman (1977) needed to help children deal with the world they will encounter in adulthood?

Feeling confident using technology

For this theorist, the preschool period is a time when children must deal with the crisis of initiative versus guilt.

Erik Erikson

Between the ages of five and seven, children usually begin to understand that death cannot be reversed; that death is inevitable; and that death ends movement, feeling, and thought.

True

Symbolic play supports children's development from purely concrete activity to connecting the concrete with the abstract.

True

During the primary years teasing may occur more toward

shorter boys, boys who are short, and overweight children.

With closer supervision of children's out-of-school activities, children of today do not have the opportunities to engage in the fun and excitement of rough-and-tumble that children of the past had.

True

The concept of intentional teaching emphasizes a balance between child and adult-guided instruction.

True

Which of the following is a new view of readiness to learn centers on the brain's readiness for learning?

The brain is ready to remember new material if it is not already busy and brain activity, and thus readiness to learn, can be measured by an fMRI scan.

The concept of developmentally appropriate instruction supports a smooth transition through all the levels of early childhood education.

True

A readiness instrument used with young children should be broad in scope.

True

The three most commonly used approaches are transitional, maintenance/developmental, and two-way bilingual.

True

Observation of children on playgrounds can provide an advantage for gaining a view of social behavior because

the playground offers a more natural and less restrictive context for study.

All but one of the approaches listed here can support democratic living in classrooms. That one is

shaming only when necessary.

To support the language development of young children, adults can provide

meaningful dialog.

An important element in the area of school readiness is consideration of ethnic and cultural differences.

True

Sharing is a significant moral behavior that is learned

from the time of the child's first naturally occurring social interactions.

Children should be encouraged to sit quietly without talking when listening to a story.

False

The child's understanding of his personal experiences is an important attribute of the theory developed by

Carl Rogers.

Prior to age six-and-a-half, children are able to learn very little about reading and writing.

False

Select the most correct answer. Television programs designed to teach children about alphabet letters and sounds, sight words and literacy

in moderate amounts are associated with positive literacy habits and skills.

Vygotsky viewed the adult role in supporting language development as

providing scaffolding and an environment for exploration.

Dyslexia is a condition where reading is difficult due to the inability to pull apart words that are heard.

True

Speakers of Ebonics should be consistently corrected or they will never master Standard English.

False

According to Vygotsky, development proceeds from private speech to social speech.

False

Self-concept is the focus of which of the following theorists?

Carl Rogers

According to Vygotsky's theory \_____ mental functions is a second developmental accomplishment.

​higher

According to Vygotsky's theory, \_____ develops as children become interested in learning for its own sake.

intrinsic motivation

According to Vygotsky's theory, \_____ is a major means of transmitting content and processes in learning activities.

language

According to Vygotsky's theory, a characteristic of higher mental functioning is that children begin to \_____ their own thought processes and actions when solving problems.

​evaluate

Intentional teaching introduced by Epstein (2007)

balances child and adult guided instruction.

The inductive method of discipline is most likely to support long-term generalization because the child is told in a positive way what is acceptable and what is not acceptable behavior.

True

Which of the following beliefs will not help children feel powerful and in control?

Success is based on beating out the competition.

Through the use of authentic assessment methods, teachers can

document children's real progress more accurately than with the information obtained from group standardized tests.

Children need at least 60 minutes of physical activity each day.

True

Energy balance occurs when the body burns as many calories as are taken in.

True