regents us history court cases review

marbury vs madison (1803)

Established judicial review, giving courts power to strike down unconstitutional laws.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

States can't tax the federal government; strengthened federal supremacy.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

African Americans not citizens; Congress can't ban slavery in territories.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation with “separate but equal.”

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Limited free speech during wartime — “clear and present danger” rule.

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Allowed Japanese internment during WWII for national security.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ended school segregation; ruled “separate is not equal.”

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Guaranteed a lawyer to those who can’t afford one in criminal cases.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Suspects must be informed of rights — “Miranda rights”.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students have free speech rights in school.

New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

Schools can search students with reasonable suspicion (not probable cause).

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

School prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Legalized abortion based on right to privacy.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Limited executive privilege; President must follow rule of law.

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Stopped Florida recount; decided the 2000 election.