1.1 Embryology

Motor learning vs behavior

movement change related to experience, behavior is result of motor development

Motor control

bodily systems which permit and allow for controlled motor patterns

Spontaneous movement as early as

8-10 weeks of conception

3 stages of prenatal development

germinal, embyronic, fetal period

Germinal period

2 weeks, 12-16 identical cells called a blastomere, once in uterus it changes into 2 layers

Trophoblast

layer from geminal period, outer layer forming placenta, amnion, and amniotic sac

Blastocyte

layer from geminal period, embeds into endometrium of uterus

Embryonic period

begins at uterine implantation ending at 8 weeks, cells become specific with inner cells differentiating into endo/meso/ectodermal cells

Endoderm forms into

digestive and respiratory structures

Mesoderm forms into

muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, reproductive system, and dermis

Ectoderm forms into

CNS, PNS, sensory system like eyes and ears, pituitary and mammary glands and outer skin layer

Embyronic period of CNS

one of first systems to form, neural tube by 3rd week, fusion 21-28 days

Primary neurolation

begins in occipital-cervical area and proceeds caudally and cranially, folic acid critical for tube fision and lack causes spina bifida during embryonic period, severe case can be ancephaly

Embryonic period of cardiac

heart beat at 22 days, development complete at 36-42 days, liver producing blood cells bc no blood marrow yet, 4 chambers at 49 days

Embryonic period for musculoskeletal

system made from 44 pairs of somites, myogenic movement is when muscles react to direct local stim rather than nervous system

Arm/legs bud at and forelimbs develop at

26-28 days, limbs at 29-35 days

Embryonic period sugnificcance

rapid cell growth meaning critical period of development and susceptible to teratogens

Cytomegalovirus

CMV, brain damage causing hearing/visual impairments, microcephaly, and intracranial calcification

Fetal period

time 30 weeks, 8 weeks post conception to birth

Fetal period neuro

neurogenesis at 3-4 months with myelination beginning at 16 weeks, cortex typical structures at 26 weeks, organzation, and cerebellum is last to mature

Migration

increased surface area of brain thru gyri and sulci, neurogenic movements surface at 20 weeks

Mishaps during fetal period

hypoplasia, agenesis of corpus callosum, gyral abnormalities, ataxia, visuospatial, attention, language

Fetal period formations of

micturation, swallowing, increased bone and muscles, more movement, bone marrow begins blood cell formation

Arthrogryposis

8-10 weeks, in utero limitation to movement and stretching, abnormalities in CT, mm, and nerves, decreased amniotic fluid, curved joints

Fetal period for pulmonary

17-20 weeks air sacs and capillary beds form, 25-29 weeks ability of lungs to exchange air improves so life can be sustained outside uterus at this time

30 weeks to term

fetal period, fat and muscle laid down, bones fully formed but not ossified, CNS organized

Preterm CNS

trouble for autonomic homeostatic control, cerebral autoregulation, blood brain barrier, alterations in cerebellar growth, neurosensory stim from extrauterine environment

Preterm pulmonary

immature lung tissue, decreased surfactant

Ventral visual stream

environmental layout, location of people and objects and their movements

Dorsal visual stream

vision for control of movements and vision for action