Marine Science Final

OMZ

Oxygen Minimum Zones, used faster than replaced

Vertical Migrations

swim up to get food

What is the limiting resource in the deep sea

food

Uses of bioluminescence

to confuse or get away from predators & camouflage

2 ways bioluminescence is produced

photophores & symbiotic bacteria living w/ animal

What zone is bioluminescence mostly found in

Mesopelagic

Instead of staying put and waiting for food, most mesopelagic organisms make

vertical migrations

Counter illumination

use bioluminescence to camouflage

Countershading

dark colored dorsal surface, light colored ventral surface

Transparency

Camouflage, seathrough, silhouette can't be seen

How much of the world's water does the deep sea make up

75%

The deep sea is the largest habitat on earth

True

What is bioluminescence

organism's ability to produce light

Primary uses of bioluminescence

prey attraction, communication, & courtship

Vertical migrating fih

swim bladder, well

Non

migrating fih

Characteristics in common with deep sea fish

lack a swim bladder, flabby watery muscles, light weak skeletons, large mouth w/ pointed teeth

Distinguishing traits of deep sea fish

eyes are small/no eyes/blind, not countershaded, photophores not on ventral surface(belly), photophores if any right next to their little eyeballs

Days are spent in the mesopelagic but nights are spent feeding in the epipelagic

True

Deep sea

below the mesolpelagic there is no sunlight at all

Adaptations of mesopelagic animals

black/silver/red, large eyes, large mouth, photophores, small body size, extendable jaws

True or False

oxygen is not limited

Oxygen in the deep sea is replenished by thermohaline circulation and

the Great Ocean Conveyor

The water temperature is just above freezing point (35F)

Deep sea

uniformly dark, uniformly cold, uniform salinity

What is the water chemistry like in the deep sea

consistent throughout

The deep sea includes what three zones

Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic, and Hadopelagic.

_ can be found in deep sea sediments

decomposing bacteria

Other reproductive strategies

hermaphrodites, pheromones

Deep sea benthos

pteropods, snails & worms

Deposit feeders sediment & nutrients/organic matter

ingest … digest

Deep sea gigantism

deep sea version of a certain animal is enormous compared to its shallow water version

Why do scientists believe deep sea gigantism exists

scientists do not know why

They tend to grow larger but they also tend to

grow slow & have long life

Deep sea gigantism organisms tend to

reproduce late in life & have few large developed eggs

The chemical laden water escaping from cracks in the seafloor around the mid ocean ridges “feed”

chemoautotrophic bacteria

Chemosynthesis

instead of using sunlight it uses chemicals to produce their own food/create their own energy

The vents contain large amounts of that serve as the energy source for these bacteria

hydrogen sulfide

Tube worms grows 6ft tall & doesnt have a mouth, instead they use what to feed

trophosome

Marine biology

The study of life in the ocean.

Oceanography

Larger scale study of ocean systems.

Percentage of planet covered by ocean

71%.

First marine biologist

Aristotle.

Naturalist

A scientist who makes drawings and sketches of flora and fauna.

Journey to the Galapagos Islands in 1831

Charles Darwin.

Expedition of Charles Darwin

HMS Beagle.

First oceanographic expedition

HMS Challenger.

Modern field laid by Challenger expedition

Marine science.

First marine lab in the world

Stazione Zoologica in Naples, Italy.

First marine lab in the U.S.

Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

SONAR

SOund NAvigation Ranging.

SCUBA

Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.

ROV

Remotely Operated Vehicles.

AUV

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles.

Valid hypothesis

Must be testable.

Effect of burning fossil fuels on atmospheric CO2

It increases carbon dioxide exponentially.

Percentage of atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the ocean

Approximately 30%.

Changes in ocean chemistry due to increased CO2

Acidity increases and pH decreases.

Corals, skeletons, and shells composition

Calcium carbonate.

Four large ocean basins

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic.

Deepest ocean basin

Pacific Ocean.

Shallowest ocean basin

Arctic Ocean.

Density

The mass of a substance per unit volume.

Formula for density

Density = mass/volume.

Three layers of the Earth

Core, mantle, crust.

Outermost layer of the Earth

Crust.

Innermost layer of the Earth

Core.

Two large continents Pangaea separated into

Laurasia (north) and Gondwana (south).

Ocean surrounding Antarctica

Southern Ocean.

Types of crusts

Oceanic and continental.

Composition of oceanic crust

Basalt.

Composition of continental crust

Granite.

Denser crust

Oceanic crust.

Age of oceanic crust

Less than 200 million years old.

World ocean surrounding Pangaea

Panthalassa.

Meaning of Panthalassa

World ocean.

Separated Eurasia from Africa

The Tethys Sea.

Effect of Atlantic growth on Pacific

As the Atlantic grows, the Pacific Ocean gets smaller.

Divergent plate boundaries

Boundaries that pull away from each other.

Convergent plate boundaries

Push towards each other and dive under the other.

Transform/shear plate boundaries

Slide horizontally past each other.

Geological features at divergent boundaries

Underwater volcanoes and mid

Geological features at convergent boundaries

Trenches/subduction zones and island arcs.

Common cause of transform boundaries

Earthquakes.

Frequency of Earth's magnetic field reversal

Every 300,000 years.

Lithogenous sediments

Rocks, pebbles, and lava rock near edges of continents.

Biogenous sediments

Skeletons and shells of marine organisms.

Continental margins

Boundaries between continental and oceanic crust.

Components of a continental margin

Continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.

Biologically richest area of the ocean

Continental shelf.

Percentage of ocean's surface area covered by continental shelf

8%.

Continental slope

The steep drop

Continental rise

Formed by sediments pushed down from the continental shelf and slope.

Hawaii's continental margin

Hawaii does not have a continental margin because it is not a continent.

Passive margins

Geologically inactive areas with flat, wide coastal plains.

Example of a passive margin

East coast of the U.S. and South America.

Continental margin aligned with a plate boundary

Active margin.

Active margins

Areas with intense geological activity, including volcanoes and earthquakes.

Example of an active margin

West coast of the U.S. and South America.

Earth

The only known planet with liquid water on its surface.