constitutionalism and pluralism in england ; second treatise of government- AP EURO FALL 2026

characteristics of england and the netherlands

urban, commercial, economically active nobility, anti-catholic / anti-spain

parliamentary power in england

because of the magna carta ; role on battlefield decrease of agriculture and trade increase cause of the rise in the bourgeois

problems of the tudor legacy

governance, 3 religions, kingship (royal prerogative), foreign policy

real whig ideology

idea that everything in england prior to 1066 was perfect and then william the conqueror brought all bad things to england

road to english constitutionalism was not...

...linear

James I

first Stewart, scottish, married Anne of Denmark and have 3 children who lived (closet catholic)

Stewart Achievements with James I

settles in jamestown, king james bible, stays out of the wars of religion

stewart issues with James I

james' personal habits, taxation (perpetually broke), God (implied divine right monarchy)

Charles I

married to henrietta maria of france, closet catholic/gay (duke of buckingham)

Petition of Right

1628 - forced to sign: no rise of taxes w/o parleent, no imposing martial law, habeas corpus, no quarter troops, limited royal perogative

era of personal rule

charles I suspends parliment for over 11 years

ship money tax

tax on harbor towns because they get ritch from trade (charles I tried to apply to inland towns, which is a violation)

Anglican book of common prayer

charles I , moving back to high anglicanism, stepping stone to catholicism , tries to apply to scotland (cause of the two bishops war)

the two bishops war

first war of three kingdoms; the scotst mass at the border *from personal rule to the short parliment)

one thing the upper house and the lower house of parliament have in common

they hate catholics

earl of stratford

executed for high treason

habeas corpus act

abolished court of star chamber and court of high chamber

triennial act

new parliament every three years; no rule without parliament

Grand Remonstrance

list of grievances to charles I; proposed by john pym; 204 points; cause of the english civil war

english civil war

king vs parliament / court vs country ; universities take sides; puritans and anglicans against catholicism and absolutism

new model army

fighting force developed by the Roundheads; used new techniques and strong discipline

battle of nasby

new army wins; decisive battle; clear afterwards that the king will loose

rump parliment

purge of those who are on parliament but side with the king

trial of charles I

charged for treason; captured by the scotts and brought to parliament; death warrant; origin of two political parties

execution of charles I

beheaded; schools dismissed to go watch (john locke was in the crowd)

thomas hobbes

influential; themes of fear; first book was a translation of thucydides the peloponnesian war; realist

author of the leviathan

Thomas Hobbes

philosophical perspective in the leviathan

Materialism

The Leviathan- regarding state of nature

It theorizes about human society before government.

key theme in 'The Leviathan' regarding leadership

Leadership in the right hands is essential

two concepts emphasized in The Leviathan

Survival and passion

ontology

the study of being

epistemology

study of knowledge

the leviathan said humans are .... beings

sensual (appetite over adversions)

majoritarianism

the idea that the majority prevails not only in elections but also in policy determination

what is given up to the leviathan

everything in exchange for peace and safety; the sovereign can do anything to achieve peace; still authoritarian

cromwell and the common wealth

banned theater, public drinking, christmas; ended censorship and began religious tolerance

levelers

universal manhood suffrage (voting), religious toleration, and law reforms ; lead by thomas rainsborough

dippers

anabaptists

seekers

church to church seeking

diggers

led by Gerrard Winstanley; socialists; want to share Christ

Ranters

nothing is a sin unless you think that it is a sin

Quakers

led by George Fox; inner light of Christ; everyone goes to heaven; pacifists; radical equallity

muggletonians

ludwick muggleton was the last prophet - end of the world is coming (millenialists)

5th monarchy men

5 great monarchies - 4 had fallen and the 5th was england , the end is soon (millenialists)

the plantation of ulster

plants and english,ent and scotts in irish land (displaced)

cromwellian conquest of ireland

invasion and brutal conquest of Ireland

guerrilla warfare

vicious; cannot tell friend from foe

irish penal code

nearly impossible to live in ireland if catholic

edmund burke

side with irish and america during the revolutionary war; father of modern conservatism

oliver cromwell

lord protector, independant puritan, made 11 military districts, won trade war with the dutch

independant puritan

religiously tolerant: readmitts Jewish people (b/c its the end of the world and Jesus was Jewish)

navigation act of 1651

only british ships can trade in british (targeted at the dutch) **MADE WARS NOT RELIGIOUS ANYMORE -- FOCUS ON TRADE**

the restoration

1660

Charles II

exiled in france (closet catholic?); dumb and lazy; restored: monarchies, house of lords, the church of england, and fun (ex: christmas and bars) ; rescind the royal decree of indulgences

restoration comedies

theater, shallow romance themes, loved by charles II

navigation act of 1660

almost identical to the one in 1651, declared cromwell a illegitimate ruler and all of his laws also illegitimate

royal society

established by charles II; first president is issac newton

tests act

catholics cannot work in the government

exclusion

no catholic monarchs (supported by whigs and opposed by torris)

James II

catholic, proflegeriate spender, 2 declarations of indulgences, son = also james **CHRISTENED A CATHOLIC -- CAUSE OF GLORIOUS REVOLUTION**

Glorious Revolution

largely bloodshedless; led by John Churchhill - invites william of orange of william and mary to come invade (cousins married)

battle of boyne in ireland

french and irish vs britain (irish win britain loses)

new legislation by william and mary

toleration act (all prodestants) and the bill of rights

bill of rights 1688

freedom of speech, taxation, trial by jury, right to bear arms, prodestantism

1688 bottom line

parliament is supreme

Anne Queen of England

no heirs, 5 yr rule, last of the house of stewart, succeeded by a second cousin

jacobite rebellions

Prince Charlie attempting to regain the English throne (pretender) ; gets his own crypt in st.peters basillica

the house of handover

George I ---> Queen Victoria; safety= protestant; the prime minister began as a german translator; still jacobite diaspora; **PRIME BRANCH IS LEGISLATIVE**

Christopher Hill (historian)

civil war was a war between classes and economic interests (marxists) - "storm over the gentry" debate

the second treatise of government

by john locke; two ways to look at it: timeless principals or an apologia (justification)

john locke

witness of Charles I execution; optimistic; state of nature theorist and social contract theorist

lockes epistomology

tabula rasa - blank slate at birth

objectified labor and labor mixing

apple and body example; only true private property is our body and what is touched by it; can only be seized with consent no taxation without representation

labor theory of value

ex: razor blades are more than pure steel bc it cost labor to make them

key concepts in second treatise of government

state of perfect freedom, equality, mutual love, and liberty; rational w education; labor theory and mixing; socialists and maritocracy; invention of $$$; majority; government from below (the people)

most powerful branch of government

legislative