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give 2 reasons why there was a high lack of support for democracy 1918-29
army openely disliked republic, army had lots of respect from german republic
dolchstoss
how did the republic creation mark change, what was the republic unfamiliar with and why
marked change of organisation and structure of power
unfamiliar with democracy - previously had limited power to pass or reject laws
when did Ebert announce the creation of Weimar republic
November 9th 1918
why was the creation of Weimar republic difficult
external pressure, unrest in country (due to defeat and treaty of versailles and abduction of kaiser)
what happened to germanys military under ToV
only allowed 100,000 men, conscription band, six battleships, no submarines no Air Force, no soldiers
What was Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles?
War Guilt Clause
what happened to germanys land under ToV
lost 10% of land, lost empire, coalfields
How many assassinations were there from 1919 to 21
376
When was the Spartacist uprising?
January 1919
What causes Spartacist uprising?
January 4, Eichorn sacked 2000s of what workers went on strike (100,000 January 6th)
What happens in the Spartacist uprising and what was the goal?
Took over government newspaper aim to take over Germany as a communist country
How did the Spartacist uprising end?
Ebert ordered Friekorps to stop 13th of January it stopped, 16th of January leaders killed
who are the Friekorp?
Group of right wing nationalist ex- soldiers. They hate the treaty of versailles and feel that they never lost World War I.
When was the Kapp Putsch?
March 1920
how did the Kapp putsch happen?
march 20th Freikorp, led by Wolfgang Kapp, due to being disbanded and Fear of unemployment. 5000 of them marched in Berlin and put forward Kapp as politician and declared new government.
why did the Kapp putsch happen?
Freikorps hated Weimar republic
how did the kapp putsch end?
old government fled, strikes and essential services ended. after 4 days kapp couldn't govern
When was the Ruhr Crisis?
January 1923
how did the ruhr crisis start and why
Germany couldn't pay reparations in 1922 December. They failed to send ruhr coal to France
what happened first in the ruhr crisis
french send troops to ruhr, to take payment in raw materials. 11th jan 1923, 60,000 french takeover
What were the events of the Munich Putch?
9th nov 1923 hitler, ludendorff and 1000 SA members march to munich, police are prepared and kill 14 and hitler is arrested
how did Germany react to ruhr crisis and what did France do?
workers went on strike, Ruhr production stops.
so French bring in their own workers (causes violence) and arrests them
How many soldiers did the French army have?
750,000
what did the ruhr crisis cause for Germany other than hyperinflation?
increase debts, unemployment, worsened shortages
how does the ruhr crisis and hyperinflation link?
Weimar Republic print more money to pay strikers and make up for the loss of coal/iron
3 reasons munich putch failed
hit the fail to get army support, lack of support from Kahr/lossow (prepared munich) no support of people
short term consequences of munich putch?
nazis banned, hitler in jail and looks like a coward. 32 seats in 1924
why was hitlers trail positive for nazis?
national press (used to attack republic), short prison time
Hitler wrote Mein Kampf
whats included in 25 point plan
destroy ToV, expel jews, build army, racist and socialist ideas
when did nazi party relaunch
1925
How did the price of bread change during hyperinflation?
One mark in 1919 to 200,000 billion marks in 1923
What are the positives in the negatives of hyperinflation?
positives: owed money value decreases, workers do well ,wages increase
negatives: normal living, impossible, mass poverty, starvation, bankrupt
when did Stresseman become chancellor?
August 1923
what were four things Stresemann did to fix economic problems and how?
Dawes plan 1924- reduced reparations to 50 million a year, industry grows by 40%
Introduces new currency called Rentenmark to end hyperinflation, once reset prices, replaced by Recihsmark, trusted currency
Ends the Ruhr crisis
Young plan 1919, 6 billion to 2 billion and +59 years to pay off reparations. Government can reduce taxes
What is the Locarno Treaty?
1925 UK, France and Belgium accepted new border, and France promised, peace
what was signed in 1928 by Stresemann
Kellog Braind pact- peace talks
what are the results to Stresemann actions?
germans happier with government, restored national pride and europe see germany as respectable
how did work of stresseman bring stability to german politics
coalitions work together, decisions came be made
Hindenburg as president 1925
People are happier
How many cinemas were there in the golden age?
3800 in 1932
how much did the nazis get of the vote in 1928 during the golden age
2% 12 seats
what were the negatives of the golden age
germany very reliant on the US loans/money "we are dancing on a volcano"
What change was made for women during the golden age
Equal rights, fashion, smoking, drinking
how did wages and housing change during the golden age?
wages increased by 10% and hours drop
New housing was built
60% less homeless
When and how did the Wall Street crash happen?
1929, USA, asks for dawes loans back
It causes serious economical problems - great depression
How much did the depression affect industrial production?
Fell by 40% by 1932
What else changed or was affected by the Great depression?
businesses collapse, trade stopped, unemployment rose, banks collapsed
How much did unemployment rise during the Great depression?
From 1,300,000 to 6,000,000
Why did people turn into the Nazis during Great depression?
unemployment benefits cut and tax increased so people lost faith in the Republic
what did the Nazis do to 'fix the economy'?
Offer bread and work and set up soup, kitchens
How did the Great depression change Nazi votes?
230 seats
What happened to Germany's communist party during the Great depression
Gain votes from the working class
How did the rise of communism help the Nazis during the Great depression?
Hitler promised to destroy communism and use the SA to beat them up and disrupt meetings
Gained support from the rich, who feared land and profits being taken away from them
How many newspapers did the Nazis owned by 1930?
130
How did the SA help the Nazis?
They were intimidating, bigger army than the communists, bigger army than the German army, people liked the uniforms, SA intimidated people at polling stations
What was Germany situation like in 1932
Germany in chaos, 6 million unemployed, chaos on the streets, they were on the verge of collapse, coalitions were always arguing and Article 48 had to be used a lot
When was the Reichstag fire?
27th February 1933
why was the Reichstag fire a gift for Hitler?
He'd always promised, communist wanted to take over
What does Hindenburg give Hitler after the Reichstag fire?
The emergency decree
Germany becomes a police state
Hitler arrests 4000 Communists, shuts down their newspapers and kills 51 opponents
When were the Nazis the second biggest party?
1932
How many times did Chancellor Bruning and Hindenburg use article 48 in 1932
66 times out of
Why did Nazi votes drop to 28% in November 1932
SA violence, worrying voters
What happened happened between May and November 1932
Bruning replaced by Von Papen as chancellor, (but has little support due to using article 48)
Nazi votes increased to 32% in July, but Hindenburg still doesn’t want to make Hitler chancellor
when is Von Scheichler made chancellor and is he any good?
December 1932 he has no support and uses article 48
what does Von Papen convince Hindenburg to do?
make Papen vice Chancellor and make Hitler Chancellor
Give cabinet places to 2 Nazis
why does Papen think Hitler can be controlled?
Hitler is "sandwiched" between them and a "mouse"
When does Hitler become Chancellor?
30th January 1933
what were two things Hitler promised
To destroy the treaty of Versailles and fix the economy
How did German propaganda make Hitler appealing?
"our last hope" "one leader"
What did Hitler come in the 1932 president election?
2nd
What did Hitler offer to Germans?
unity
What happened in March 1933 elections and how did Hitler deal with it?
44% votes for Nazis, Hitler bans communists
Forced Reichstag to pass emergency degree
What was the national labour service?
All young men between the ages 18-25 years had to join for 6 months
Given jobs in public works like building schools, hospitals and repairing roads
What was invisible unemployment?
official government figures showed unemployment was falling but did not include jews being forced out of jobs, women being dismissed, unmarried men under 25 doing labour service and opponents of the regime who were sent to concentration camps
When was the enabling act?
March, 1933
What did Hitler use the enabling act to do?
ban trade unions
July 1933, ban all political parties except the Nazis
Set up his own peoples court
Replace local councils with his own government
Who controlled Nazi propaganda?
Josef Goebbels
What groups did propaganda target?
Women workers, rich and right wing
Explain the role of the gestapo
Gustavo set up in 1933, with a Nazi secret police and very feared
They use torture, phone tapping, informers etc on enemies
They didn’t have a uniform
Could imprison you without a trial. Over 160,000 people were arrested for political crimes
Explain the SS
personal of Hitler became intelligence, security and police of 240,000 Aryans under him.
They were nicknamed the blackshirts and used ultimate power to get rid of threats
What was the night of the long knives?
Hitler starts to fear the SA in 1934, orders the arrest of the SA on the night of the 30th of June 1934. The SS arrest 400 SA leaders, some were imprisoned, others were executed. Hitler agreed to murder to keep his powers
When did Hindenburg die?
2nd August 1934, within hours Hitler combines role of president and chancellor to create "Fuhrer of the third Reich" and army swears an oath of loyalty
What was the German labour front?
Hitler banned all trade unions and replaced with DAF - strikes became illegal. Couldn't ask for higher wages working hours increased.
What was 'Strength through Joy'?
Provided workers with leisure activities such as theatre tickets and sports events, 10 million went on these holidays
What was the beauty of labour?
Campaigned to improve the facilities for workers e.g.better toilets and showers
Did the German workers benefit under the Nazis?
Yes - more people working, wages increase by 20%, workers got their 'bread and work' as promised
No - price of goods rose by 20%, working hours increased
Explain the six ways that the Nazis used propaganda
Rallies, 1934- 200,000 attended to see thousands of banners, 20,000 Nazi flags and 100 foot Nazi gold eagle
Film, all films included 45 minute Nazi news
Culture, the Reich chamber of culture ensured everyone followed the Nazi message
Newspapers, journalists were told what to write and anti-Nazi papers were shut down
Radio, 70% of homes had a Nazi radio
Events, 1936 Olympics showed Aryan superiority, 33 gold medals and power (biggest stadium in the world)
What role did the Gestapo play within the Nazi police state?
Secret police spied on Germans tapped phones opened mail jail. Anyone arrested over 160,000 political crimes.
What was the peoples court?
court with Nazi judges who had swore a loyalty oath to Hitler
what was the concordat?
1933 Hitler made a truce with the Pope to not interfere with catholisism
Did Hitler break the Concord that? If so how?
Yes, 1937, 400 Catholics sent to concentration camps, Catholic schools closed and groups banned
Describe censorship
All anti-Nazi ideas were banned in 1933
20,000 Jewish and Communist books were burnt in the centre of Berlin
Writers, films and artists could only produce pro-Nazi art
Jazz music was banned
Anti-Nazi jokes were a crime
What was the Fuhrer Cult?
Showed Hitler as both a superman and man of the people
What was the conscription and rearement?
Breaking the treaty of Versailles as the army grew to 1.4 million by 1939, spending on arms went from 3.5 billion to 26 billion
What was public works?
Nazis plan to build 7000 miles of motorways to improve transport
Spent 738 billion marks on schools and hospitals to create jobs
What were the results of the nazis work for unemployment
nazis announced unemployment had went from 4,800,000 to 300,000 by 1939
what were autobhans?
1933- motorways, 125000 men employed by 1935
What were the changes to German women's lives in Nazi Germany?
The mothers cross, rewarded an amount of children, for example 4: bronze medals
Marriage loans, parents got to keep 250 marks for every child that they had
Lebensborn, Aryan women ‘donate’ a child to the Fuhrer by getting pregnant from an Aryan SS member
Abortion and contraception was banned
Sterilisation law, 1933, non-Aryan women couldn’t have children
What were the results of the Nazi policies against women?
marriages increased by 21% between 1933 and 39. In 1936, there was over 30% more births than in 1933
What did the Nazi set up in 1934
The German faith movement
What changed protestant churches?
The Reich church - all protestant churches were under Nazi control. The Bible was replaced with Mein Kampf, Swatstika replaced the cross, all old Testament Jewish teachings were removed
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