DISTILLATION - EXERCISE 4

DISTILLATION

a process of separating components of a mixture, in which the components are evaporated and the vapors condensed

78

not above what degree

Conical Flask

Erlenmayer flask aka

claisen flask

what use flask in vacum

DISTILLATION

used to purify organic compounds

DISTILLATION

most volatile substance is vaporized first and removed from the mixture first

SIMPLE DISTILLATION

vapor enters a condenser, cools, and is then collected

SIMPLE DISTILLATION

used when components have greatly different boiling points or to separate volatile from nonvolatile components

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

used when the boiling points of the components of a mixture are close to each other

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

involves the use of a fractionating column above the distillation flask

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

column offers more surface area, allowing for more efficient condensation of vapor and an improved separation

STEAM DISTILLATION

used to separate heat-sensitive components

STEAM DISTILLATION

water is added to the distilling flask this lowers

STEAM DISTILLATION

the boiling point of the components so they may be separated at a temperature below their decomposition point

STEAM DISTILLATION

Example: Steam distillation of flowers to yield essential oil and a water-based distillate

VACUUM DISTILLATION

used to separate components that have high boiling points

VACUUM DISTILLATION

lowering the pressure lowers boiling points

VACUUM DISTILLATION

used to separate compounds using different temperature and pressure

• Reactive distillation

• Short-path distillation

• Catalytic distillation

• Extractive distillation

• Pervaporation

• Zone distillation

• Flash evaporation

• Freeze distillation

OTHER TYPES OF DISTILLATION

APPLICATIONS OF DISTILLATION

used in chemistry to separate and purify liquids

Rotary evaporator (Rotavap / Rotovap)

- a simple vacuum distillation used to remove solvent from a sample

• alcoholic beverages

• vinegar

• purified water one of the oldest methods of desalinating water

DISTILATION used to make

OIL REFINERY

DISTILATION used in

gasoline (C4 to c12)

40 degrees celsius to about 200 degrees celsius

gasoline

C4 to c12

Kerosene/ jet fuel (C12 to C16)

200 degrees celsius to about 250 degrees celsius

Kerosene/ jet fuel

C12 to C16