Genetics

oogenesis

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm

Allele

An alternative form of a gene.

anther

the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.

cross pollination

a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant

dominant

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

F1 generation

the first generation of offspring(P1) obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

F2 generation

Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.

genetics

science of heredity

hereditary

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

law of independent assortment

the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

law of segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

molecular genetics

the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes

P1 generation

Parental generation; each parent was pure for a given trait.

pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

pure breeding

Individuals that are homozygous that will always produce the same offspring when crossed together

recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

self-pollination

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant

trait

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

codominance

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

complete dominance

a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another

dihybrid cross

A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

genotypic ratio

the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

monohybrid cross

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

phenotypic ratio

the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross

Probability

A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur

Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

testcross

cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype

blood type

*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O
*A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

X-linked traits

traits carried on the X chromosome, the recessive trait shows up more commonly in males due to them only having one X

Hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not clot to stop bleeding

color blindness

A sex-linked trait in which an individual cannot perceive certain colors.

sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

polygenic traits

traits controlled by two or more genes