Anthrarc 284 Final Exam Review

4 andean zones

costa, sierra, puna, selva

archaic period

8000-1800 BC

archaic developments

agriculture, domestication of animals, ceremonial architecture, no pottery

2 regions in peru

highlands, coastal

coastal marine resources

sardines, anchovies, clams, mussels

Shell rings/mounds

ancon, huaca perita

coastal agriculture

corn (imported from highlands), gourds, cotton

2 coastal sites

caral, aspero

caral

inland valley, pyramid round, mens houses, sunken courts, shicra (weaving)

aspero

coastal village, marine resources, mens houses

highland resources

camelids, deer, guinea pig

highland agriculture

root crops, corn, quinoa

highland sites

la galgada, kotosh

la galgada

mens houses later covered by elevated u shaped temples

kotosh

mens houses with crossed hands

formative period

1600-200 BC

formative developments

cheifdoms, social inequality, monumental architecture, pottery

coastal cheifdom

cerro sechin

cerro sechin art

carvings of mutilated captives and victorious warriors surrounded the main temple

cerro sechin architecture

platforms, pyramids, circular sunken courts

cerro sechin location

built into a small hill

sechin alto

larger chiefdom that absorbed cerro sechin

highland cheifdom

chavin de huntar

chavin de huntar location

midpoint between coast and jungle, benefitted from exchange and llama caravan traffic

chavin de huntar ceremonial architecture

temples, circular and rectangular sunken courts

the lanzon at chavin de huntar

oracle where priest consulted deity to predict future

chavin de huntar burials

elites buried with sumptuary goods

sumptuary goods at chavain burials

metals, textiles

chavin de huntar iconography

jaguars, caymans, serpants

400-200BC

highland chiefdom threaten coastal valleys

200BC-AD1

4 tier hierarchy at casma but collapses

1-AD200

4 tier state emerges in moche valley

first generation state

moche

pyramids at moche capital

pyramid of the sun, pyramid of the moon

huaca

sacred mound

who built pyramids at moche?

labor gangs, each left their own distinctive mark

moche pyramid material

adobe brick

moche sites with royal tombs

dos cabezas, san jose de moro, sipan

what were moche rulers buried in?

plank wood coffins

what were moche rulers buried with?

royal family, wives, sacrificial dismembered humans and animals, sumptuary goods

how were ceramic vessels at moche made?

mass produced mold made

what did moche fine line ceramic paintings depict?

sacrifice and bloodletting of rulers, warriors, priests, and animals

2nd generation state in peru

wari north of lake titicaca

what community was located in the rectangular compound at wari?

ayllus

ayllus

traditional andean labor community that was taxed by the government

agricultural technology at wari

terraces, irrigation canals

what is quipu at wari?

knotted cords to keep count of items

who constructed buildings and architecture at wari?

mit'a laborers

what was mit'a labor?

tribute labor, a taxation by government

Communities and colonies of laborers

mitmaq'kuna

women laborers

mamakuna

men laborers

yanakuna

communal labor for a common purpose

mink'a

generous work for others

ayni

wari colonies

pikillaqta (cusco), cerro baul (moquegua0

state that produced geoglyphs taken over by the wari

nazca

2nd generation state in bolivia

tiwanaku south of lake titicaca

buildings and monuments at tiwanaku capital

several sounds, sunken satios, and carved stelae.

what architectural style did the tiwanaku state develop?

stones fitted together very tightly with no mortar

practice by tiwanaku after conquering a site

monument capture which symbolized their conquest of the other areas

what relationship did the two 2nd generation states have?

a friendly diplomatic relationship

what wari site shows this relationship between wadi and tiwanaku?

cerro baul

third generation state and date

chimu empire 850-AD1470

where was the chimu located

moche valley

capital of chimu

chan chan

what were the elite residential compounds at chimu and when were they occupied?

ciudadelas, sequentially

what was the reason for the system of occupation of the ciudadelas at chimu?

split inheritance

what is split inheritance?

the heir to the throne had to build his own palace and conquer his own territory after the death of a ruler; all the dead ruler's wealth would be transferred to his surviving relatives.

where did commoners live in chan chan and what type of structures did they occupy?

around ciudadelas, waddle daub houses

how did commoners make a living in chimu?

craft activity

chimu administrative offices

u shaped structures called audiencias where officials kept track of the comings-and-goings of traders and other people at royal compounds

what two rivers did the canal at chimu connect?

chicama, moche

what technology was used to build the chimu canal?

walk in wells and reservoirs

how often did the canal have to be rebuilt and why?

5-10 years because of tectonic activity (earthquakes) making the canal not level

what were huachaques and where was an example located in the chimu state?

sunken farms where land was withdrawn to work the moist, sandy soil underneath, Tschudi.

when did the inca conquer chimu?

1450-AD1470

cerro azul

coastal fishing village in the kingdom of huarca

3 fishing areas at cerro azul

cliffs, sand beach, pebble beach

2 fishing nets at cerro azul

cast net, gill/corralling net

elite housing at cerro azul

large compounds of tapia

commoner housing at cerro azul

smaller structures around elite housing

what did every residence have in ferro azul?

fish (sardine) drying room

what other room did elite compounds have in ferro azul?

brewery with large hearth and large ceramic vessel

burials at cerro azul

men and women were put in mummy bundles and buried in cist burials

what were men buried with at cerro azul?

both fishing nets

highland trade with cerro azul

marine resources for llama, alpaca and charki

fourth generation state

inca empire

what was the time frame for the inca empire?

1000-AD1532/1533

where did the inca originate?

andean highlands

what was the native name for inca?

Tawntinsuyu

capital of inca

cuzco

what did the inca inherit from wari?

ayllus, agriculural terraces, mit'a, quipu

what did the inca inherit from tiwanaku?

no mortar tight fitting stone architecture, monument capture

what did the inca inherit from both wari and tiwanaku?

imperial roads, large feasts involving drinking chica

what technology did the inca inherit from the chimu?

irrigation system, tupu cloak pin

what did inca want tribute in?

labor not goods

elite commoner labor relationship

asymmetrical reciprocity

inca road system

included bridges, causeways, stairways, large and small rest stations

fortress above cuzco

sacasayhuman

huacaypata plaza

gathering place for agricultural and monument capture ceremonies