Dev Psych chap 11 pp

What factors influence the timing of puberty?

Genes, health, nutrition, body weight, social contexts, and stress

At what age do girls typically reach peak height and experience menarche?

Peak height: 11.5 years, Menarche: 12.5 years

At what age do boys typically experience peak height and voice changes?

Peak height: 13 years, Voice deepening: 15 years.

What is the dual-process model of adolescent brain development?

The limbic system (emotions and rewards) develops early, while the prefrontal cortex (decision-making and impulse control) matures later.

What are the effects of early limbic system development in adolescents?

Strong emotional reactions, difficulty recognizing emotions, and increased risk-taking

What brain changes occur during adolescence?

Synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning and increased myelination

What is the formal operations stage?

The ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and solve hypothetical problems

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

scientific thinking

What are two types of adolescent egocentrism?

imaginary audience and personal fable

Why do adolescents engage in more risk-taking behaviors?

Increased sensitivity to rewards due to limbic system development and changes in dopamine levels

What are some challenges adolescents face during school transitions?

Puberty, increased academic standards, reduced teacher support, and stage-environment mismatches.

What are key risk factors for school dropout?

Low socioeconomic status, minority/immigrant background, substance abuse, academic struggles, and lack of parental involvement.

How can parents support academic success?

Using an authoritative parenting style, involving themselves in school, having open discussions, and setting fair rules