cells and transport

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32 Terms

1

organelles

structures found inside cells that have specific functions e.g. RER

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2

plasma membrane

controls the entry and exit of materials into/out of the cell

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3

semi-permeable

property of membranes that allows some substances to pass but not others

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4

phospholipid bi-layer

a double layer of phospholipids containing proteins that make up membranes

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5

phospholipid

a molecule that has a polar, hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 non-polar hydrophobic tails

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6

hydrophilic

molecules attracted to water

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7

hydrophobic

molecules repelled by water

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8

passive transport (diffusion)

movement of substances across a membrane, down the concentration gradient and without ATP e.g. osmosis

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9

active transport (diffusion)

movement of small molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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10

facilitated diffusion

passive movement of larger/charged particles across membranes via protein channels

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11

osmosis

diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (until equilibrium is reached)

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12

ATP

main form of energy used in cells e.g. for active transport

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13

active transport

movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient using ATP and protein pumps

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14

solute

particles dissolved in a liquid e.g. oxygen

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15

isotonic solution

solution that has the same concentration of solutes as inside the cell

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16

hypertonic

a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside a cell. e.g. sugar solution. Cell will lose water and become flaccid

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17

hypotonic

a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than inside a cell. Cell will become turgid

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18

turgid

cells that have fained water and are tight

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19

flaccid

cells that have lost water and become floppy

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20

plasmolysis

when cytoplasm pulls away from cell wall in plants due to loss of water

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21

endocytosis

the uptake of large molecules into cell by surrounding them with plasma membrane to form vessicles

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22

exocytosis

the export of large molecules from a cell by vesicles fusing with plasma membrane

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23

surface area to volume ratio

ratio that decreases as cells get larger or rounder. Determines the efficiency of transport by diffusion

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24

carrier proteins/protein chanel

proteins embedded in plasma membrane that allow larger/chraged molecules to pass through the membrane by facilitated diffusion

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25

cell/plasma membrane

the membrane around the outside of a cell

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26

cytolysis

bursting of an animal cell due to water intake in a hypotonic solution

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27

ribosome

site of protein synthesis in cells

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28

golgi apparatus

stack of flattened membrane sacks that modifies and packages proteins for export in vesicles

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29

nucleus

organelle that contains the genetic material and controls the activity of cell

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30

endoplasmic reticulum 1

network of membranes covered with ribosomes that makes proteins and transports them within the cell. Common in cells that make enzymes e.g. pancreas

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31

endoplasmic reticulum 2

network of membranes that make lipids and hormones e.g. oestrogen

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32

cell wall

barrier of cellulose that surrounds plasma membranes in plant cells and gives shape and support

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