AP World - Unit 4 Vocab

Afonso d’Alboquerque

Commander of Portuguese forces, architect for their aggressive policy — created safe conduct passes (no pass = penalty)

Astrolabe

Tool that determined latitude, measuring angle of sun or pole star above horizon

Bartolomeo Dias

Rounded cape of good hope, opened route/opportunity for trade and luxury items (1488)

Caravel

Type of ship used for maritime exploration and trade in Spain and Portugal

Carrack

Type of merchant ship used in Portugal

Cartography

Science or practice of drawing maps, European maritime technology allowing to expand on maps

Columbian Exchange

global diffusion of plants, disease, food crops, animals, populations, etc, round of biological change that altered geography

Diaspora

Thie dispersion or spread of people

East India Company

trading/joint-stock company by English, financial success from lots of spices

Entrepot

multicultural port city

Ferdinand Magellan

Reconnaissance of Pacific, visited ports and pursued Columbus’s goal of establishing western route to Asia (Portuguese had lil interest)

Fluyt

Dutch cargo ship

Prince Henry the Navigator

Promoted voyages in West Africa, gold trade, new routes, intelligence of Muslim power, make alliances against Muslims

Lateen sails

maneuverable and catch winds from side/behind, triangle sails

volta do mar

“return through the sea”, strategy that enabled Portuguese mariners to sail open ocean without harsh winds

Sao Jorge da Mina

First fortified Portuguese area built in Africa, established trading posts and exchanged gold and slaves for Euro goods

Vasco da Gama

4 voyages to India in 3 months, less than half the crew returned but cargo gained huge profit

Taino

Inhabitants in Guanahani, cultivated manioc and lived in small villages with chiefs — assigned land and oversaw affairs, interested in what Spanish had to offer

Guanahani

Were native Taino inhabitants lived

Vitus Bering

Danish navigator commissioned by Russian officials who took two maritime expeditions in search of a northeast passage to Asian ports.

James Cook

Pacific explorer who led 3 expeditions and died in a scuffle with the indigenous people of Hawaii.

Primogeniture

Law that estate goes to the first son

Magnetic Compass

Chinese invention (Tang/Song), determined heading in Atlantic and Pacific

joint-stock company

efficient form of commercial organization, investors earn profits with limit risk to invests

VOC

Dutch joint-stock company that didn’t have fantastic profits, but doubled investments

Java

Island that Jan Pieterszoon Coen conquered as architect of VOC and monopolize spice production and trade

Jan Pieterszoon Coen

Architect of Dutch policy in VOC, plan was to monopolize over spice production and trade. He controlled all ports, made allies to maintain order, and forced delivery of spices 

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Spanish forces commander who overcame local authorities in Philippines

Manila

Multicultural port city; silk trade (Trade and Christianity, chinese merchants prominence)

Manila Galleons

heavy &fast Spanish trading ships that traveled and carried luxury goods (silk and porcelain from Asia → Mexico → American silver

Siberia

Region conquered by Russian explorers and had commodity of fur

Seven Years’ War

global conflict, competition over trade. France kicked out of Americas and India (started American Revolution)

Sternpost rudder

navigational device mounted at the stern (rear) of a ship’s hull that improves maneuverability 

Hacienda system

large landed estates, owned by Spaniards (plantations, mines, factories — produced foodstuff for own and for sales)

Melaka

Multicultural port city, safe-conduct passes were in effect by Afonso and Portuguese dominated this region in 16th century

Mercantilism

Economic theory that a nation’s strength is dependent on its wealth (source of wealth from gold and trade)

Jamestown

Settled by “Virginia Company” for investors, first permanent English settlement in America

Encomienda

Spanish agreement/right to compel Taino to work in mines/fields and receive land, in return look after their health, welfare, and teach Christianit

Smallpox

Laborers of encomiendas lost to this disease, hastened decline of indigenous

Conquistadors

Took over and conquered Mexico and Peru because of interest from Caribbean to American mainland

Hernan Cortes

brought down the Aztecs in Mexico and quest for gold, seized emperor Motecuzoma through Spanish weapons, indigenous allies, and epidemic disease

Motecuzoma II

Aztec emperor seized by Hernan Cortes

Francisco Pizarro

Led Spanish expedition to Peru, arrived after dispute between Huascar and Atahualpa (Inca ruling house), exploited this to their advantage and spared Atahualpa until he delivered large amount of gold

New Spain

Main center of Spanish authority, governed by a viceroy

Viceroy

Governed both New Spain and New Castile, responsible to King/representatives of the Crown

Audencias

Oversaw and could appeal against viceroy so they aren’t independent from the king, review performance at the end of their term

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided New World in half by the pope in an agreement by Spain and Portugal, Portuguese Brazil established

Casta

“Lineage”, racial hierarchy system - peninsulares, criollos, mestizos, mulattos, zambos

Peninsulares

Europeans born in Europe

Criollos

European descent, born in America

Mestizos

European and Indigenous

Mulattos

European and African

Zambos

Bottom rank of pyramid, indigenous and African

Zacatecas and Potosi

Silver production, high number of indigenous labor — large vein of silver discovered and grew population

debt peonage

recruit labor for haciendas, landowners advanced loans to Natives and were repaid with their labor — wages were low, so never paid off debt

Engenho

sugar mill plantation, complex of land with slaves

Mita system

Spanish annually required each native village to send 1/7 of males —> 4 months in mine (wages low, high death rates)

Quinto

prinicipal revenue that crown derived from American possessions (silver prod.)

Indentured labor

European indentured servants, willing to go to plantations in exchange for passage across Atlantic (some led independent lives)

Pueblo Revolt

Rebellion/resistance to Spanish rule, killed priests/colonists and drove Spanish out

Fur trade

Hudson strait and bay, indigenous trapped animals for Euros — caused beaver decline and war between Iroquois and Huron

Virgin of Guadalupe

National syncretic symbol (mexican faith), Virgin Mary appeared at Juan and known to work miracles when visited

terra australis incognita

Hypothetical continent that the Europeans came up since there must be a land in the southern hemisphere 

Songhay

Based in Gao, emerged when Mali weakened and flourished in 8th century (rejected Mali authority and raided their territory), hierarchy and effective military force

Ghana

Earliest/first state of Africa, taxed trade in gold

Mali

Mali replaced Ghana but followed their social structure, Songhay emerged after

Timbuktu and Jenne

under control from Sunni Ali and gained wealth from trade

Sunni Ali

ruler of Songhay, campaign to conquer neighbors (Timbuktu and Jenne)

Oyo and Asante

powerful regional kingdoms that emerged after the fall of Songhay

Swahili

Declined from Portuguese establishing administrative centers in hopes to control trade, instead disrupted trade patterns that caused decline

Kongo

emerged in 14th century, Portuguese fleet established commercial relations with them, supplied the kings /w advisors, artisans and priests and in return taught Christianity (slave raiding too)

King Nzinga Mbemba

Became Roman Catholic and sought to convert all subjects for closer tie to Portuguese and participated in religion everyday

Ndongo

Slave trade developing by Portuguese, referred to as Angola. Small chief kingdom to a powerful regional kingdom because of trade with Portuguese

Angola

What Ndongo was referred to by Portuguese, established small colony by Portuguese to increase slave trade

Queen Nzinga

resistance against Portuguese, came from long line of warrior kings - plan to ally with the Dutch, drive out Portuguese and expel Dutch

Great Zimbabwe

stone fortified city and dominated gold-bearing plain (regional kingdom)

Khoikhoi

Hottentots, Europeans commanded them to labor with use of firearms

Fulani

Pastoral people who kept herds of cattle, but settled in cities and learned strict form of Islam (series of military campaigns and established Islamic states)

Antonian Movement

18th century, Dona Beatriz claimed St. Anthony chose her to communicate his messages. Gained reputation for working miracles and curing diseases, used to promote African Christianity.

kinship groups

basis of social organization in Africa, clans organized affairs and weakened in slavery

Manioc

most important American food crop because high yield and thrived in tropical soils

Islamic Slave Trade (Muslim merchants)

Sought African slaves in Medt. basin and found ready markets for slaves

Triangular Trade

Raw materials —> manufactured goods —> enslaved labor

African Diaspora

Dispersion of people/forced migration

Gumbo

Syncretic food: Okra and rice from Africa, flour from France, Sassafras from Natives, Shellfish from America

Creole

Euro colonizer language and West African language blended

Maroons

Africans who escape enslavement, guerilla warfare and rebellion

Saint-Domingue/Haiti

French sugar colony revolt abolished slavery there, renamed the land Haiti

Gullan and Geechee

Creole languages spoken in slave trade

Religions in slave trade

Voudou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, Candomble in Brazil

Oladuh Equiano

Author who exposed slavery’s brutality and became a best seller

Abolition of Slavery

1833-1930, Denmark abolished slave trade, long drawn out process and forms of servitude still present