CSD Exam 1

speech-language pathologist

speech-language pathologist

assesses and treats persons with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders

audiologist

prevent and assess hearing and balance disorders

speech, language, & hearing scientist

investigate the biological, physical, and psychological processes of communication and develop evidence-based methods for diagnosing and treating individuals with speech, language, and hearing problems

evidence-based practice

integrates clinical expertise, scientific evidence, and client perspectives

homogeneity

the quality or state of being all the same or all of the same kind

communication

active process of exchanging information and ideas

speech

sounds of a spoken language system

language

system of words and symbols either written, spoken, or gestured

articulation

how we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, and tounge

voice

how we use our vocal folds and breath to make sounds

fluency

rhythm of our speech

semantics

vocabulary and meaning of the words

syntax

how we combine words to form sentences (grammar)

morphology

rules that govern how words are structured

phonology

how we combine individual speech sounds into a word

pragmatics

how we use language in everyday conversation

communication disorder

impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems

speech sound disorders (ssd)

impairment in articulation and/or phonology

ssd - articulation

struggle with articulating the phonemes present in the language that they speak thith for this wadio for radio

ssd - phonological

issues with applying phonological rules to combine phonemes into appropriate words girty for dirty lay for play

ssd - fluency

difficulty using smooth and easy flowing speech repetitions in sounds, words, or phrases, prolongation, revisions, tensions, etc

ssd - voice

difficulty with the following parameters that are appropriate for their age, cultural background, and gender voice quality pitch intensity resonance

language disorders

difficulty with receptive or expressive language in any language

receptive language

comprehension of language

expressive language

the language that us produced

language disorders can be...

acquired - insult, injury, or brain disease developmental - neurological differences

cognitive communication disorders

receptive and expressive language can be impacted by cognition and executive dysfunction

cognition

attention, memory, problem solving/reasoning

executive function

initiation, inhibition, planning, organization, self-awareness, emotional control, mental flexibility

conductive hearing loss

sounds are obstructed by something in the outer and middle ear

sensorineural hearing loss

issues with the inner ear or the neural pathways

mixed hearing loss

an individual demonstrates both types of hearing loss

hearing loss in children can lead to:

delayed speech and language skills learning problems in school having trouble making friends

hearing loss in adults can lead to:

psychological disorders lack of employment/promotion risk of dementia

dialect

variations in languages influenced by geography, socioeconomic status, and linguistic backgrounds

upper respiratory trace

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

lower respiratory tract

trachea, bronchi, lungs

inhalation

diaphragm contracts (moves down) chest wall and lungs expand expansion of ribs moves sternum upward and outward

exhalation

diaphragm relaxes (moves up) chest cavity and lungs contract ribs and sternum depress

what's in the larynx

epiglottis false vocal folds true vocal folds laryngeal ventricle

vocal fold adduction

muscles bring the vocal folds together

vocal fold abduction

muscles bring the vocal folds apart

nasal cavity

passage for air warms and humidifies the air provide resonance for speech sound

oral cavity

passage for air and food break down food into smaller pieces provide resonance for speech sound

pharynx

passage for air and food provides resonance for speech sound

cerebrum

center of conscious thoughts, sensations, emotions, and voluntary muscle movement

cerebellum

fine-tunes movements and ensures actions are smooth and coordinated plays a role in cognition and emotion

brain stem

bridge between main brain and rest of there body manages essential function (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure) reflex control center primary relay station of sensory and motor information

gyrus (gryi)

raised portion of the brain

sulcus

grooves between the gyri

fissure

grooves deeper than sulcus

interconnectivity

inter hemispheric commissural fibers

plasticity

brain's ability to reorganize and modify tissue functions and adapt to changes

frontal lobe

prefrontal cortex premotor cortex primary motor cortex broca's area

prefrontal cortex

executive functions - thinking, decision making, self-regulation

premotor cortex

routine and less practiced movements

primary motor cortex

generate and execute movements

broca's area

speech motor (movement) planning

parietal lobe

primary sensory cortex somatosensory and visual association areas supra marginal gyrus annual gyrus

primary sensory cortex

processgin sensations for pain, touch, and temperature

somatosensory and visual association areas

important role in planned movements, spatial reasoning, and attention

supramarginal gyrus

perception of space and limb location

angular gyrus

responsible for complex cognitive function including language and number processing, spatial and social cognition, memory retrieval

temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex wernicke's area

wernicke's area

responsible for understanding speech

occipital lobe

vision center of the brain

audiogram

shows how loud sounds need to be at difference frequencies for you to hear shows the type, degree, and configuration of hearing loss

pinna/auricle

external, visible part of the ear

external auditory canal

transmits sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane protects deeper structures of the ear, produces earwax

tympanic membrane

vibrates in response to sound waves hitting it vibrations transfer to the ossicles

malleus

a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus

incus

a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

stapes

transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window

Eustachian tube

equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere, ensuring the optimal movements of tympanic membrane helps drain any fluid from the middle ear to the nasopharynx

cochlea

sensory organ for hearing transforms vibrations from the ossicles into electrical signals lined with hair cells and filled with fluid

auditory pathway

nerve to the brainstem interpretation in the auditory cortex

tonotopic organization

hair cells responsive to difference frequencies are found in different places at each level of the cochlear

vestibule

contains the saccule and utricle, which are responsible for detecting changes in linear acceleration and gravity, playing a crucial role in our sense of balance

semicircular canals

detect rotational movements of the head, aiding in maintaining balance and spatial orientation

conductive hearing loss

caused by problems in the outer or middle ear, which prevent sound waves from reaching the inner each result of blockages, malformations, or damage

sensorineural hearing loss

results from damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve pathways leading from the inner ear to the brain

mixed hearing loss

combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

audiology

science of hearing, balance, and related disorders