Geography paper 1 2 3

What is quantitative data and examples

Data that contains numbers

Eg beach profile pebble size and shape

What’s qualitative and examples

data that consists of opinions

Example field sketch and environmental quality survey

What’s random sampling

Pick sample at random

What’s systematic sampling

Choosing the sample systematically for example every 3rd person that walks by

What is stratified sampling

Choosing sample based on knowledge

A place has been regenerated

What coastal fieldwork did you conduct

Field sketch of beach

Sediment size and shape

Beach profile

What urban fieldwork did we conduct

Field sketch of the high street

Pedestrian count

Environmental quality survey

Land use

How did you present your pedestrian count data

a tally chart

What was the name of the scale used fto determine sediment shape

Powers index of roundness

Powers scale

What’s the best way to present environmental quality survey and why

Use a radar graph

Plot multiple category’s on the graph at once

However it can be hard to read one complete once placing 2 or more sites

Name some topics that could come up in section c of paper 3 geography

Uk population challenges

Uk energy landscape climate challenges development challenges and coastal challenges

How do you compare pedestrian count

Use a bar chat or a pictogram

However it’s difficult to determine reasons for pattern

non renewable

Energy sources that can only be used once

Renewable resource

Energy that come from sources that can be replenished

Not run out

Fossil fuel

Fuels that been formed from dead organisms

necessities

Resources needed to survive

Abiotic

Physical non living environment

Biotic

Living organism

Natural resource

Any features of environment that can be used for human needs

Name 3 main resources

Food energy Water

Factors that affect distribution of reasources

Climate

Volcanic eruption

Plate tectonics

Solar power

Advantages and disadvantages of coal

A-mining it is cheap. easy to create into energy.

D-creating mines destroyed wildlife. Dangerous and cause death. Burning it releases co2 into atmosphere

Advantages and disadvantages of wind farms

A-avoid harmful gas emissions some tourist attractions

D-high construction cost noise affects locals and wildlife

How is water exploited and what are the impacts

Exploited- extraction of minerals

Impacts - toxins enter water decrease biodiversity

How is food exploited and what are the impacts

Exploited -Overfishing Land overgrazed

Impact - decrease fertility of soil decrease biodiversity

How is energy exploited and what are the impacts

Exploited - extraction of fossil fuels

Impact- reduction in air quality reserves of oil and gas decrease massively

Energy mix

Range of different primary energy sources used to meet a energy needs of a population

Explain one reason why some countries have low percentages of their population living in urban areas

Low development many people in primary industry’s such as farming

Assess the importance of historical and economic factors in the development of countries (8)

Historical- civil war corrupt government colonisation (hati and french empire)

Economic- trade block trade surplus and deficit natural reasources

Name this land form

A spit

slumping

A large area of soil moves down a slope due to being saturated

Explain one way seasonal changes in uks weather affects coastal erosion

Storms have more power in winter increasing rate of erosion

discordant coastline

alternating hard and soft rock

Forms headland

mass movement

Movement of material due to gravity

Name one coastal landform created by deposition

Spit

Explain one way rock type leads to formation of headland

Hard rock type will erode more slowly than soft rock

What is fracking

Drilling deep into the ground for shale rock

Advantages of fracking

Cleanest fossil fuel

Simple to extract

Increase number of energy mix

Disadvantages of fracking

Expensive

Causes Earth quakes

Releases co2 contributing to climate change

Water contamination

Why is there a increased demand for energy

Population growth

Increased wealth

Technological advancements

Explain one reason why temperature varies seasonally in the uk (3)

Axil tilt means less sunlight received in winter meaning it’s colder

Name natural causes of climate change

Sunspots milankovitch cycle volcanic eruptions and asteroid impacts

How does ice cores support past climate change

Co2 levels tell how us much co2 was in the atmosphere

How does dendrochronology support past climate change

Thick ring - climate was warm and wet

Thin ring - cold and dry climate

How do historical records support past climate change

Thames frozen- paintings

Journals from Romans

How does pollen records support past climate change

More pollen trapped in layer - warm and wet climate

Less pollen trapped - cold and dry climate

Why do trfs have a high biodiversity

There’s a high solar radiation and rain all year round so plants can grow creating habitat for animals

How are oceans affected by climate change

Temperature increased - species endangered - ice sheets melt - sea levels rise then causes regular flooding

How is food impacted by climate change

Growing food becomes more difficult causing famine

How is health impacted my climate change

Burning energy - releases smog causing increase risk on lung disease and cancer

More frequent heatwaves

Impacts on typhoon Haiyan

Primary impacts -Houses destroyed water sources polluted

Secondary impacts - homelessness increased diseases lack of food

Immediate responses of typhoon haiyan and advantages and disadvantages of them

Government issued warning a- people could prepare d-stadium flooded where people evacuated to

Power restored and 1 million food packs a-connect with country’s d- hard to distribute food

Long term responses of typhoon haiyan and advantages and disadvantages of them

Build back better (government plan) A-protect damaged houses rebuilt to prevent damage D- very expensive not all rebuilt

Storm surge warning system A-evacuate earlier and quicker D- not everyone has access to technology expensive

Environmental impact of hurricane sandy

1.5 million litres of oil spilt damaging wildlife

Storm surge lead sea water into fresh water habits

Social impacts of hurricane sandy

117 people killed

650 000 homes destroyed or damaged

Economic impacts of hurricane sandy

Damage to NYC was 19 billion

Insurance claims to New Jersey was 3.3 billion

Impacts of rapid urbanisation in Mexico City

Social - aquifers are running dry increase suffering from respiratory disease class disvide and tension

Environmental -biodiversity decreases as city expands. 13000 tonnes of rubbish each day

Economic -over half jobs informal economy -government misses out on tax

Straigies to manage rapid urbanisation

Top down — metro bus system and public bikes reduce traffic reduces air pollution and travel time

Bottom up — rainwater harvest increased diseases lack sanitation collect rainwater reduce spread of disease

Gentrification

An area is redeveloped attracting wealth to the area often displacing poorer people

Multiplier effect

Investment———)provides jobs and income ——) government will get more tax money Government spends on services such as education and healthcare

How is igneous rock formed

Formed when lava or magma cools

Example of igneous rock

Granite

How is sedimentary rock formed

Sediment falls to sea floor deep layers form rocks through heat and pressure

Example of sedimentary rock

Chalk

How is metamorphic rock formed

2 or more rocks are chemically changed through heat and pressure

Example of metamorphic rock

Marble

What’s a concordat coastline