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Progressive Movement

aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States

Samuel GOMPERS

leader of the American Federation of Labor

Goals of Progressivism

protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, fostering efficiency

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

FTC

Federal Trade Commission

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Leon Czolgosz

assassinated McKinley

Underwood Act

Reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax.

YMCA

Young Men's Christian Association

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Florence Kelley

An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours.

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Progressive Tax

A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases

Prohibition

A total ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol

Pa. Coal Strike

140,000 coal miners went on strike, wanted 20% raise and 9 hr work day

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

WCTU

(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

Interstate Commerce Commission

a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states

NAWSA Tactics

Painstaking organization; close ties between local, state, and national workers; establishing a wide base of support; cautious lobbying; gracious, ladylike behavior

Anti-Saloon League

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

Elkins Act

1903 law that forced railroads charge the same prices to all their customers

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Eugene Debs

led the Pullman strike and founded the American Railway Union

Hepburn Act

1906 law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Meat Inspection Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Ida Tarbell

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power

Pure Food/Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

John L. Stevens

the man behind the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani and the start of Amrican imperialism of Hawaii

Scientific Management

the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947).

TR and Gifford Pinchot

TR named gifford pinchot head of the US forest service

Fuel for Imperialism

1. Desire for military strength
2. Thirst for new markets
3. Belief in cultural superiority

Galveston/Commission Plan

after a flood in Galveston Texas, was formed, had a 5 member commission of experts to help

Conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Alfred T. Mahan

wrote the influence of sea power upon history, urged for a large navy

Robert La Follette

The most influential of the state-level progressive governors and a presidential aspirant in 1912

Newlands Act

Congressional response to Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use funds for development of irrigation projects

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Keating-Owen Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

William Seward/Folly

Bought Alaska, was called stupid for it, Seward's Folly

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

W.E.B. du Boise

Black leader, founding member of NAACP; known for criticizing Booker T. Washington

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Secret Ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Pearl Harbor

Built in Hawaii, refueling station for ships

Initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

Sanford B. Dole

American businessman who became president of the new government of Hawaii after the queen was pushed out

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Lincoln Steffens

Early muckraker who exposed the political corruption in many American cities

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Jose Marti

Cuban poet and journalist who organized a guerilla revolution against Spain in 1895- "Cuba Libre" free Cuba was his battle cry-and sought US support and intervention.

Primary System

Allows people to nominate their party's candidate for the general election

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

a compromise that only moderated the high rates of the Aldrich Bill

Valeriano Weyler

General sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt, referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics "concentration camps, shooting civilian, ect.)

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Richard Ballinger

Secretary of the interior that tried to make nearly a million acres of public forests and mineral reserves available for private development

Hearst/Pulitzer

rival newspapers who become involved in demanding the US intervene in Cuba; both exaggerating stories to increase circulation

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)

Pinchot v. Ballinger

Ballinger allowed private companies to destroy reserved lands. Pinchot attacked him for it. Ballinger resigned and Pinchot was fired by Tafft. This contributed to the splitting of the Rep. party, causing Taft to lose in 1912 and break friendship between him and Roosevelt.

Yellow Journalism

type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers

NACW

National Association of Colored Women; founded in 1896 to improve living and working conditions for African-American women

New Nationalism

President Theodore Roosevelt's plan to restore the government's trust-busting power

de Lome Letter

Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. It was played up by the yellow journalists.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

U.S.S. Maine

American battleship that exploded and caused the Spanish American war

Suffrage

worked for women's right to vote

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

1912 Election

4 candidates (Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, Debs), Progressive Party (Roosevelt) took votes from Republican (Taft) allowing Democrats (Wilson) to win, big influence of Progressive ideas

George Dewey

U.S. naval officer who defeated the Spanish fleet during the Spanish-American War

Upton Sinclair

Wrote "The Jungle"

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino who was lead both the Phillipine revolution against Spain and then the United States

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Kettle Hill

first part of the Cuba land battle took place near this location. Featured a dramatic uphill charge by Rough Riders and two African-American regiments. The victory cleared the way for the infantry attack on San Juan Hill

Zimmerman Note

Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.

San Juan Hill

Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches

Jeanette Rankin

First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

John Haayyyyyy

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Eddie Rickenbacker

"ace" pilot who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI (aka snoopy)

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

"Red Baron"

Manfred von Richthofen had 80 kills and one of the most famous aces. German ace.

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war