Percentage yield + atom economy
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Why do reactions not produce 100% yield of the desired products?
Incomplete reaction
Products lost during purification steps (e.g. distillation or recrystallisation)
Products lost during transfer between apparatus
Impure starting material
Side reacting producing different products
Percentage yield =
(actual yield / theoretical yield) x100
What is theoretical yield?
The maximum possible amount of product
What is actual yield?
The amount of product obtained from the reaction
How is the theoretical yield calculated using the chemical equation?
Using the limiting reagent
What is percentage yield?
A measure of the efficiency of the process.
What does atom economy measure?
The efficiency of the chemical reaction
Atom economy =
(molecular mass of desired products / sum of molecular masses of all products) x 100
What will the atom economy of an addition reaction be + why?
100% as it only gives one product
How can atom economy be improved?
Use the waste products
Use alternate reaction with a higher atom economy
Choose spectator ions with a lower Ar
Note 
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