European Exploration and Colonization Overview

Three G's

God, Glory, and Gold encouraged exploration.

God

Want to spread Christianity.

Gold

Wealth.

Glory

Want to outdo people and acquire wealth and territory to spread your country's dominance.

European Trade with China

Trade with Asia existed before the Renaissance, influenced by the Crusades.

Mongol Empire

Unified Asia in 1200s-1300s, facilitating trade via overland routes.

Black Death

Disrupted trade routes.

Demand for Asian Goods

By 1400s, Europe's growing population increased demand for Asian goods.

Spices

Highly valued for food preservation, flavoring, medicines, and perfumes.

Moluccas

Spice islands in present-day Indonesia were the main source of spices.

Arab and Italian Merchants

Dominated trade between Asia and Europe.

Western Europeans' Goals

Wanted new routes to bypass Muslim and Italian middlemen for economic gain.

Renaissance Curiosity

Increased interest in distant lands.

Cartographers

Created more accurate maps and sea charts.

Astrolabe

Helped determine latitude at sea, developed by Greeks and perfected by Arabs.

Caravel

Combined European square sails with Arab triangular sails.

Portuguese Exploration

Portugal led early exploration efforts.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Gathered experts at Sagres to improve ship design, map-making, and navigation training.

Bartholomeu Dias

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope, enabling access to the Indian Ocean.

Vasco da Gama

Followed Dias' route, reached Calicut after ten months.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who aimed to reach Southeast Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain and Portugal signed a treaty to establish a line of division for claims to new lands.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian sea captain who documented his voyage to Brazil.

Ferdinand Magellan

Set sail from Spain with five ships to find a route to the Pacific.

Strait of Magellan

Discovered in Nov 1520, found into the Pacific.

Antonio Pigafetta

Noted the uniqueness of Magellan's voyage, emphasizing its significance in exploration history.

European Expansion in Africa

European powers wanted to expand their trade networks following the successful examples of Portugal and Spain.

Dutch Settlement of Cape Town

First permanent European settlement in Africa.

Boers

Dutch farmers in South Africa, influenced by Calvinism.

Calvinist Beliefs

View of being chosen by God, leading to superiority.

Zulus

Powerful African group encountered by Dutch settlers.

British and French Exploration

Explorers reached Senegal, sparking European interest.

Mercantilism

Economic policy favoring exports over imports.

Balance of Trade

Exporting more than importing for economic gain.

Compass

Navigation tool indicating direction using magnetism.

Abraham Ortelius

Geographer who created the first modern atlas.

Afonso de Albuquerque

Portuguese leader aiming to dominate the Indian Ocean.

Mughal Empire

Muslim-controlled empire in India during exploration.

Goa

Portuguese military and trading base established in 1510.

Malacca

Key East Indies port captured by Albuquerque in 1511.

Portuguese Trading Empire

Established vast trading outposts across the Indian Ocean.

Limited Impact

Portugal struggled against stronger local empires in Asia.

Dutch East India Company

Formed in 1602, operated with sovereign powers.

Spanish Colonization of Philippines

Claimed by Magellan in 1521, later conquered by Spain.

Spanish Trade Network

Vital for Spain, linking American silver to Asia.

Mughal India's Prosperity

Wealthy empire known for textiles and spices.

Civil Wars

Weakened Mughal Empire, leading to increased taxation.

British-French Rivalry

Intensified competition for influence in Mughal India.

Sepoys

Indian troops organized by British and French companies.

English East India Company

Established alliances to gain control in India.

French East India Company

Competed with British for trade and influence.

Inquisition

Religious tribunal introduced by Portuguese in Goa.

Spice Trade

Crucial economic activity dominated by Portugal initially.

Trade Routes

Traditional paths persisted despite Portuguese control.

Military Tactics

Albuquerque used aggression to expand Portuguese influence.

Cultural Resentment

Fostered by Portuguese missionaries and attacks on Muslims.

British East India Company

Dominated India using wealth by late 1700s.

Portuguese Arrival in China

Reached China from Malacca in 1514.

Chinese View of Foreigners

Regarded Portuguese as barbarians lacking civilization.

European Admiration for China

Praised Chinese artisans and scholarship extensively.

Ming Dynasty's Attitude

Claimed, 'Our empire owns the world.'

Portuguese Trade in China

Sought silks, porcelains; demanded gold or silver.

Macao Trading Post

Established by Portuguese near Canton for trade.

Jesuit Missionaries

Brought knowledge of Renaissance Europe to China.

Matteo Ricci

Notable Jesuit who learned Chinese and dressed locally.

Knowledge Exchange

Jesuits shared arts, sciences, and technologies with China.

Decline of Ming Dynasty

Faced revolts; Manchu invaders breached Great Wall.

Qing Dynasty

Founded by Manchus; means 'pure.'

Confucian Governance

Manchus gained support by adopting Confucian principles.

Kangxi

Notable Qing ruler; expanded influence and culture.

Qianlong

Kangxi's grandson; expanded borders significantly.

Population Growth

Increased from 140 million (1740) to 300 million (1800).

Economic Expansion

New crops and industries flourished under Qing rule.

Lord Macartney's Mission

1793 diplomatic mission; refused kowtow, negotiations faltered.

Korean Map

Accurately depicted lands from Japan to Mediterranean.

Japanese Invasions of Korea

Occurred in 1592 and 1597, causing destruction.

Korea's Tributary State

Became tributary under Qing dynasty after Manchu invasion.

Korean Isolationism

Adopted policies limiting foreign contact post-invasions.

Western Arrival in Japan

Welcomed Portuguese traders in 1543 during conflict.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Grew hostile to foreigners, expelled missionaries.

Japanese Christians

Numbered around 300,000; faced persecution under Tokugawa.

Japanese Isolation Policy

Barred foreign merchants; allowed limited Dutch trade.

Edo's Population

Reached one million, surpassing London and Paris.

Taínos

Indigenous people living in the Caribbean.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors of the Americas.

Hispaniola

Island settled by Columbus and Spanish colonizers.

Guns, Horses, and Disease

Key factors aiding Spanish conquest over natives.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish leader who conquered the Aztecs.

Malinche

Translator and advisor to Cortés.

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor during Cortés's conquest.

Tenochtitlan

Capital city of the Aztec Empire.

Pizarro

Conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.

Atahualpa

Last Inca emperor captured by Pizarro.

Encomienda System

Labor system exploiting American Indians.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Priest who condemned encomienda abuses.

Forced Labor

Compulsory work imposed on indigenous populations.

Creoles

American-born descendants of Spanish settlers.

Mestizos

People of mixed American Indian and European descent.

Mulattoes

People of mixed African and European descent.

University of Mexico

Established in 1551, one of the first universities.