The Glorious Revolution

Did the Glorious revolution create a constitutional monarchy? YES

Ended the concept of Divine Right

Represented the start of a new constitution

Did the Glorious revolution create a constitutional monarchy? NO

Monarch was still most powerful

Monarchs role stayed much the same

What was the Declaration of Rights- Bill of Rights (1689)?

Raising tax without Parliaments consent was illegal

Parliament were to meet frequently

Keeping an army in peacetime was illegal

The use of cruel punishment was illegal

Petitions were legal

The commission for ecclesiastical causes was illegal

Mutiny Acts (from 1689)

Desertion, mutiny and sedition of officers and soldiers were crimes in peacetime England

The King wasn’t allowed to court-martial anyone without parliamentary consent

Each act was valid for only 1 year ensuring regular parliament

Triennial Acts (1694)

Regular parliamentary meetings and General Elections every 3 years

Rage of Party

in 1716 the Septennial Act was passed which Parliament could remain in being for up to 7 years

What is Rage of Party?

(10 elections in 20 years)

Increased partisanship and rivalry in Parliament

Act of Settlement (1701)

No Catholics or person married to a Catholic could inherit the crown and passed it to the House of Hanover through James I Granddaughter

Act of Settlement- dismissal of judges not allowed without parliament, royal pardons overturned in impeachment cases, prevented monarch from going abroad without parlamentary permission

Did the Whigs think GR created a constitutional monarchy?

Domination of parliament began with William and the Bill of Rights restored the ancient constitutions and returned earlier stability and was the start on a new constitution

Did the Marxists think GR created a constitutional monarchy?

Think it created monarchy in favor of the ruling elites

Did the Revisionists 1 think GR created a constitutional monarchy?

Only real change was line of succession and divine right was destroyed but monarch was still powerful and parliament was advisory

Did the Revisionists 2 think GR created a constitutional monarchy?

Radical revolutionary change

Was there a financial revolution?

All agree there was a change in finance but to what extent

What did the 9 years war cause between Wiliam and Parliaments relatioship?

decided to risk millions of pounds and thousands of troops to the war effort and made sea routes dangerous

What did Parliament do as a result of the 9 years war?

Caused change of William foriegn policy by controlling finance

How many troops were funded by parliament for William?

10,000

How did William get more troops?

Borrowed from the Bank of England and recruited 68,000 more

What did Louis dail to recognise in 1696?

William as king of England

When was peace reached for the 9 years war?

September 1697 in the Treaty of Ryswick as both sides were war weary and facing bankruptcy

What did Louis do under the Treaty Ryswick?

Recognised William and agreed to not help james ii

What was the annual tax revenue during the war?

3.6 mil

What was the expenditure durign the war?

5.4 million

What did William charge excise tax on?

tea

alcohol

tobacco

What was the most efficient way of raising tax?

Land and it raised 1 million in 1692

What was introduced?

Public credit and national debt

What was national debt at in 1698?

16.7 million and 30% of royal revenue

What was the financial settlement of 1690 designed to be?

Insufficient for William to live off

How much income was the King given?

£700,000 per year with surplus having to be granted by parliamentary consent

What was parliament respobsible for in peace and war time?

Military spending

Who did William meet regulary?

Parliament to Renew the civil list

What was set up due to concerns of Williams spending?

Spending commissions to scrutinise his expenditure (suggested by William himself)

Was the spending commision successful?

Brought minsiters to account

Was scrutiny detailed?

Yes with regular meetings and interviews (made william reasses the size of his army and navy)

What could commissioners do?

Criticse government expenditure

What did Charles Montagu put forward?

Bank of England in 1694

How did William raise more money?

Lotteries

How much did William aim to raise?

£1 million through selling 100,000 tickets at £10

How else did William raise money?

2 million by promsing stakes in East India Company

Who took over military funding?

The Bank

Recoinage act 1696?

Requested all old silver coins from Charles II rule have new coins minted

Parliaments power grew significantly

They encroached on royal prerogative

William was forced to approve Triennial Bill

Parliaments bill of rights prevented many abuses

Financial settlement made the monarchy dependent on parliament

William had to accept parliament couldn’t be ignored

Monarch remained powerful

Retained many prerogative powers ‘form a privy council, declare power’

Initially used his royal veto to deny Triennial Bill

William made key decisions about 9 years war

Civil List Act 1697 gave William significant money

Had support of the powerful Whig Junto

How did William initally use his prerogative powers?

Formed a privy council

Who did William put on his privy council?

Lord Halifax

Danby

Why did William not align more with the Whigs?

They were very republican and the tories were more loyal to the monarch

Who did William leave when he fought James in Ireland?

Loyal court/ Council Tories

How many people fought in the Williamite War?

80,000 on each side

What was parliaments reaction to the Williamite war?

Established a parliamentary commission to establish by Robert Harley to investigate and control government spending

What were the Whig position in parliament?

Opposition to Monarchial authority amd promoted a Triennal Bill in 1683

How did William react to the Triennial Bills?

Tried to veto it

How did the Whig Junto act in parliament?

Supported William war against Ireland

Support 9 years war

William liked them

Who were the Whig Junto?

A rebel Whig group emerged in 1692-3

What led to the passing of the Triennial Act in 1694?

Whigs stood in opposition to William

Tories believed James should have remained

Felt obligated to give royal assent

What was the rage of party?

A renewed interest in Parliamentary Politics

Why was the expiry of the Licensing Act in 1695 important?

Gave new press freedom to influence votes of 200,000 men

What was the problem of regular elections?

Instability and difficult in establishing pro-William party

What did William rely on?

Individual Mp support

How can this be seen as a direct shift?

Court and Country were established and entered an era of parliamentary politics and challenging of the staus quo

What did the Triennial Act give to the Commons?

New confidence

What happened from 1695?

Several parliamentary inquires looked into government corruption

Who gained dominance over parliament and the privy council in 1695?

Whigs

What did Stuart sympathisiers want to do in 1696?

Plot to Kill William but united the Whigs

What did Both houses adopt?

‘loyal association’ to him but 89 Tories refused

What did Parliamentary oppostion manage to secure in 1697?

Vote tp limit funding of grants for Williams army to only pay for 10,000 men

What happened in 1698?

There was a dip in electoral support for Whig Junto and an increase in in-country mps who rescued his army to 7000

What did the parliamentary commission do in 1699?

Confiscated land in Ireland and put forward Bill of resumption ruling Grants to loyal courtiers illegal

Why did William pass the toleration act?

Favoured toleration and was suspicous of the Anglican church

What did the existing test act want?

All office holders to take anglican communion

How did the Anglican churchmen react?

Opposed it and wanted to allow the Anglican Church to remain central control

What else did the Anglican church men want?

Worship remained uniform

What did William seek?

A middle path

What did William suggest?

A toleration act byt not repealing the test act

What was the toleration act also infleunced by?

Lockes ‘A Letter Concerning Toleration’ saying it would create a more stable society as less protest

What was Williams proposal met by?

Confrontation from the Tories who were fearful of Dutch Calvinism

What did the Toleration act mainly mean?

Made it easier to worship freely and dissenters were not expected to attend an Anglican Church

How many dissenters were there in England by 1714?

400,000 (8% of population)

Where did Dissenter meetings have to take place?

Not behind closed doors (closely monitored)

What did the Act require?

Swearing an oath of allegiance to the crown

Who did the toleration act exclude?

Catholics

Jews

non-Trinitarians

Were dissenters fully equal to the Anglicans?

No- not socially, economically or politically

What did the failure to repeal the test act result in?

Non Anglicans couldn’t sit in parliament or hold public office and those who had not sworn allegiance were not permitted to attend University, work in legal or medicine

What did everyone still have to do despite the Toleration act?

Pay tithes to the Anglican church due to its role overseeing local administration

How many priests refused to swear the oath to William and Mary?

400 parish priests

What happened to the 400 parish priests?

Lost their post

Did Catholics have something to fear from William?

No

Was William likely to persecute them?

No as he was in alliance with a number of Catholic powers against the French

What League were the British part of against the French?

League of Augsburg 1686