Imperialism and Colonial Policies in 19th Century History

The British were especially interested in controlling the Suez Canal because it

cut the travel time to their colony of India in half.

The "new imperialism" of the late nineteenth century was distinctive in that

Europeans assumed that their commerce, science, and technology would bring progress to the rest of the world.

In his writings on imperialism, author Rudyard Kipling urged both the British and the Americans to

take up the "white man's burden" of empire.

The British writer J. A. Hobson argued that ________ were responsible for the "scramble for Africa."

the interests of a small group of wealthy financiers

V. I. Lenin's Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism argued

that imperialism was an integral element of late nineteenth-century capitalism.

Most historians today would agree that late nineteenth-century European imperialism

was the product of an often clashing mix of economic, political, and strategic interests.

Throughout nineteenth-century Europe, "imperial policy" was usually a matter of a

series of quick responses, often improvised, to particular situations.

By the mid-nineteenth century, ________ was the focal point of Britain's colonial empire.

India

Prior to the Great Mutiny of 1857, all Indian trade was held as a monopoly by the British

East India Company.

The Sepoy Mutiny was partially driven by the British Army

offending both Muslims and Hindus by requiring they use ammunition cartridges coated with animal fat.

One military solution the British used to end the Sepoy Mutiny was to

have the surviving mutineers killed on the spot.

The Great Mutiny of 1857 that began near Delhi resulted in

the reorganization of Britain's government in India.

Lord Curzon, a prominent nineteenth-century British conservative politician and proponent of empire, believed that ________ was the premier colony in the British Empire.

India

European trade with China focused on luxuries such as

silk, porcelain, art objects, and tea.

The opium market

was global, as opium was used medicinally and for pleasure throughout the world.

The Opium Wars began as a result of

long-standing Chinese political resistance that led to a series of simmering conflicts.

The British gained Hong Kong "in perpetuity" as a result of the

Treaty of Nanking.

The Taiping Rebellion was a conflict between

the Chinese emperor and radical Christian rebels who challenged his authority.

The Boxer Rebellion

is an example of an anti-imperialist movement.

China's Boxers were opposed to

foreign influence and missionaries.

The Boxer Rebellion resulted in

China being forced to make new trade concessions to foreign governments.

One result of the Sino-Japanese War was that it secured the independence of

Manchuria

In what way was nineteenth-century Russian imperialism different from that of other European countries?

Russia championed a policy of only annexing lands bordering itself; it had no overseas colonies.

The "civilizing mission" of the French

reinforced the international influence of the French republic.

Labor remained a problem for the Europeans in their African colonies because

massive resistance by African peasants led to the use forced labor.

The Berlin Conference of 1884

established the ground rules for a new phase of European expansion.

Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness

publicized European cruelty and African suffering.

The International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo

signed treaties with local chieftains and gained access to lands as a result.

French interest in Africa was focused on

acquiring colonies from the west to the east of the continent.

The most important figure in British colonial development in Africa was the tycoon and politician

Cecil Rhodes.

By the end of the nineteenth century, the sole major independent kingdom in Africa was

Ethiopia

The theory that human beings were composed of three races, the "black," "yellow," and "white," with the "white" being the superior race, was proposed in The Inequality of the Races by

Arthur de Gobineau.

The concept of ________ became a powerful tool for nineteenth-century social scientists looking for evidence of racial superiority and inferiority.

natural selection

The partitioning of Africa

was the most striking case of the "new imperialism."

Growing out of international antislavery movements, the ________ brought the rhetoric used earlier to combat slavery to bear against the excesses of European imperialism.

Pan-African Conference of 1900

The London Pan-African Conference of 1900

called for the end of slavery as a tactic of imperialism.

The London Pan-African Conference of 1900 issued a proclamation, To the Nations of the World, which had an introduction written by

W. E. B. DuBois.

One cause for much concern among Europeans and colonial authorities was with

the need to preserve national traditions and identity in the face of a constantly changing, hybrid colonial culture.

The Ottoman general of Albanian origin who had commanded part of the Ottoman force that expelled Napoleon's armies from Egypt in 1801 was

Muhammad Ali.

In 1898, under the leadership of General Horatio Kitchener, the British avenged the death of Charles Gordon and secured the Sudan at the battle of

Khartoum

The Fashoda Incident

was a sobering reminder of how imperial competition could result in tensions.

The early colonial success Italy realized in Eritrea and parts of Somalia encouraged it to invade

Ethiopia

The Afrikaners, or Boers, were European settlers from

the Netherlands.

The Boer War was a contest between

the British and the Dutch settlers.

During the Boer War

the Dutch Afrikaners maintained an advantages based on local territorial knowledge.

Concentration camps were first used by the British during the

Boer War.

The acquisition of the Philippines by the United States reflected the weakening imperial grip of

Spain

After World War I ended, the Great Powers

found it impossible to reimpose the conditions of late nineteenth-century imperialism.

One of the major changes that occurred in the late nineteenth century was the

rapid increase in Western expansion.

A European country annexing a colony through force and subjugating its people would be formal imperialism by means of

direct rule.

A European nation that reached agreements with local leaders and governed a colony through them was engaged in imperialism by means of

indirect rule.

Which of the following statements about the colonization of French Algeria is true?

It became a "settler colony" similar to South Africa.

The French "civilizing mission" refers to

the expansion of French influence and prestige that would result from establishing colonies.

In their African colonies, the French redesigned cities, introduced free public education for boys, and invested in public works projects. What was the result of these efforts?

They served French interests by acting as symbols of French power and prestige.

In March 1896, an Italian army invading Ethiopia

was destroyed by an Ethiopian army led by Emperor Menelik II.

What demographic shift coincided with the age of imperialism between roughly 1820 and 1930?

a mass migration of Europeans overseas

By bringing crops and herd animals with them as they left Europe, nineteenth-century migrants

accelerated the Columbian exchange, an ecological process that had begun in the fifteenth century.

The growing wealth and productivity of "neo-Europes" around the world suggested

a new global balance of power and wealth that Europe was slow to recognize.

Which of the following is an example of formal imperialism?

A European power establishes a colony in Africa and settlers migrate there.

During the "scramble for Africa," European powers seized as much as _____ percent of the African continent.

90

French politicians believed that establishing colonies in Africa would restore prestige to the nation and impress other European powers. This interpretation of France's motives is an example of

nationalism

What distinguishes India in the nineteenth century from other possessions Britain had in North America?

India was never a settler state.

British rule of India ended in

1947

Much of the market for opium in China came from

merchants and government officials.

Which event prompted the French government to more aggressively pursue its "civilizing mission"?

The Franco-Prussian war

In reality, the Congo Free State was run by

King Leopold's private company.

Historians agree that _____ was responsible for the first genocide of the twentieth century, which occurred in Africa

Germany

The speeches and projects of women's reform movements

embraced imperialism and the civilizing mission.

What did Count Arthur de Gobineau believed distinguished the white race from others and accounted for their success in human history?

Blood

Who wrote The Descent of Man and argued that variations between different groups were the result of a shared lineage?

Charles Darwin

With regard to relationships between colonizers and the colonized, British, French, and Dutch authorities

were concerned that too much familiarity would weaken European authority.

When Italy came to Ethiopia, the subjects of Menelik II were

largely Christian

Following the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed

Puerto Rico.

Technological advances in Europe during the last days of the nineteenth century, matched by new manufacturing techniques and new sources of power, including electricity and petroleum-based power, were part of the

second industrial revolution.

In the space of a single generation at the end of the nineteenth century, ________ population grew by half.

Germany's

The growth of credit and consumerism further illustrated the disparity between

urban and rural.

Limited-liability laws of the nineteenth century

ensured that stockholders would lose only the value of their shares in the event of bankruptcy.

At moments of economic downturn, the ________ prevented European nations from stimulating their economies through inflationary monetary practices.

gold standard

Which political party was the most successful model of the Marxist Party in the late nineteenth century?

German Social Democratic Party

Between 1875 and 1905, the German Social Democratic Party

was the largest and best organized worker's party in the world.

By the early twentieth century, many European socialists were beginning to doubt some of the core assumptions of Marxist doctrine. In Germany, these "revisionists" were led by

Eduard Bernstein.

By 1884, Germany, France, and Britain had extended voting rights relatively broadly, but even in those countries, ________ as a group continued to be denied the vote.

women

The British suffragist ________ was the founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organization that adopted tactics of militancy and civil disobedience.

Emmeline Pankhurst

________ was the first country to admit women to medical schools for training as medical doctors.

Switzerland

With the rise of the "New Woman," conservative women such as Octavia Hill called on women to

"Temper this wild struggle for place and power."

The Paris Commune obtained its greatest support from the

workers of Paris.

European liberal politics of the mid-nineteenth century relied on ________ for power.

a balance between middle-class interests and those of the traditional elites

The ________ was the most transformative event in France during the second half of the nineteenth century in that it ended the Second Republic and helped create a unified Germany.

Franco-Prussian War

France's Third Republic

witnessed the rise of new forms of right-wing politics.

The Third Republic in France was shaken in 1894 by the "Dreyfus Affair," which saw the rise of ________ in French society.

anti-Semitism

Published in 1903 and 1905, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion

was forged by the Russian secret police and detailed a Jewish plot to dominate the world.

Bismarck enacted several social reforms, including sickness insurance, because

he wanted to win the loyalty of the German working class.

The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign waged against the

Catholics.

In the years from 1867 to 1914

trade unions and socialist societies combined to create the Labour Party.

In the 1880s and 1890s, Russia launched a program of industrialization that made it the world's ________ largest economy by the early twentieth century.

fifth

Tsar Alexander II

was assassinated in spite of his decision to free the serfs.

Under the Russian tsar Nicholas II, Russification

extended the language and culture of Greater Russia over the empire's non-Russian subjects.

In 1903, the Russian Social Democratic Party leadership

broke into two parties, one calling for a strong centralized party of active revolutionaries.

The revolution of 1905 in Russia was caused by

Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.

Until the Russo-Japanese War, ordinary Russians continued to believe that the tsar was their "Little Father" and would do what he could to aid them in their lives. This trust was shaken on January 22, 1905, a date later referred to as

"Bloody Sunday."