Social Psych Final

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm; two types

Audience Inhibition Effect

People are inhibited from helping for fear that other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency

Instrumental Aggression

Deliberative, Strategic; e.x. Terrorist Attacks

Hostile Aggression

Spontaneous, Reactive; e.x. Bar fights

Hormone Effecting Aggression

Testosterone

(Dabbs) Testosterone Falls…

As male falls in the heirarchy

Higher Testosterone is positively correlated with…

Criminal offenseses, fraternitys, and ranking military members

Horomone Treatments show…

Increase in agressive ideation for F→M, and M → F shows reduction.

Physical Violence

Males commit 65%; cross cultural evidence

Relational (Indirect) Aggression

Women commit 60%, Bjorkgivist’s studies of children; i.e. degrading relationship networks

Cultural Norms Can…

Promote an aggressive social climate.

Frustration

State that emerges when goal achievement is blocked; Failure at important task

Line Jumping (Harris)

Second in a line is morely likely to be aggressive (70%) if cut, than 12th which was 10% aggressive.

Negative Arousal misattributed to a frustrating event leads to…

Heightened Aggression; Copying and Pasting Anger; i.e. taking it out on another

Pain, Frustration, Heat, and Other Unpleasant Experiences cause…

Negative Arousal

Negative Arousal can cause…

Emotional Aggression

Helping is ____ with evolutionary theory?

Consistent under key conditions

Kin Selection + Inclusive Fitness

Survival of the fittest genes, not individual; “If I can secure genetic lineage, that’s a win!”

Average Genetic Copies

50% of shared genes

Reciprocal Altruism

Recruiting other genes to secure a genetic lineage; Obligated to return the favor later on

Norm of Reprocity

Expectation that helping others increases the likelhood they will help us in the future

There are ___ Differences in helping behavior…

Cultural

Negative State Relief

We feel bad seeing other people in pain or in need, thus will help more when we have to watch pain.

Cognitive Empathy

Facilitates coordnation and communication, BUT does not drive helping behavior

Empathetic Accuracy

Understanding what another person is thinking and feeling; part of Cognitive Empathy

Emotional Empathy

Sharing a feeling of another person or “feeling another’s pain”; triggers helping behavior

Batson’s Empathy-Altruism Model

Emotional empathy triggers attempts to help for altruistic reasons; without gain.

Carol’s Car Crash (Toi + Batson)

Escape or assist? Low empathy → 35%; High Empathy → 80%

Empathy Induction

“Put yourself in their shoes”

Hugo Tale-Yax

Guatemalen Immigrant who stepped in and stopped a mugging, only to be stabbed and repeatedly stepped over.

1st Step in the 5-Step Process

Notice an event

2nd Step in the 5-Step Process

Define as an emergency

3rd Step in the 5-Step Process

Accept Responsibility

4th Step in the 5-Step Process

Assess ability to help

5th Step in the 5-Step Process

Implement help

Audience Inhibition Study (Latane + Darley)

How long before an emergency is reported with multiple people in the room? 75% reported when alone, 10-12% when with others.

Informational Social Influence

Nobody else seems worried/They know more; Pluralistic Ignorance in non-emergency situations

Normative Influence

We want to be liked; embarrassment of being wrong.

Diffusion of Responsibility Experiment (Darley + Latane)

Confederate has seizure; Alone → 100%; 3 → 80%, 6 → 60%

Diffusion of Responsibility

Individuals feel less responsible for taking action then they believe others could do so; “Someone else will do it.”

Why do we approach others?

Information dependance and outocme dependance; i.e. to fufill fundamental affiliation needs

Information Dependance

We want to learn about ourselves

Outcome Dependance

Gain positive outcomes/experiences

Social Exchange Theory

We are motivated to gain positive outcomes; we are attracted to and maintain relationships in which the rewards exceed the costs

Proximity

We tend to like people the more you’re around them

Similarity

We tend to be attracted to those whoa re similar to us; Attitude, demographic, physical, etc.

Familiarity

We tend to like those who are familiar to us; mere exposure effect

Reciprocal Liking

We like those that like us

Reciprocal Liking Experiment (Curtis + Miller)

Your ps partner likes you vs. dislikes you; Might beliefs about partner’s attitudes lead to self fulfilling prophecy in your liking + behavior

Anxiety

Breeds affilliation and drives attraction

Anxiety Experiment (Schachter)

Those in anxiety condiiton chose to sit with other people, despite not being able to talk to them. Those in control condition sat alone.

Relationships

We want relationships that match what we expect and feel we deserve

Comparison Level (CL)

Expected level of relationship outcomes

Outcomes - CL

Generates satisfaction or disatisfaction

Over-Benefit

High rewards, few costs; Long term leads to guilt

Under-Benefit

Few rewards, high cost; Long term leads to anger and depression.

Comparison Level of Alternative (CL Alt)

A person’s ____ is set at our best percieved relationship outcomes (alternatives) outside of the current relationship; “Can I get better elsewhere?”

If CL Alt > Current Outcome

Participant leaves

If Current Outcome > CL Alt

Participant stays

If Single…

Participants need support systems; Money, ID, etc.

Friendship

Comprises the majority of voluntarily (non-family) social interactions.

Time spent with friends israted as ____ than time spent with family, spouses, or alone

More pleasurable

Listed as one of the highest things that gives meaning to life

Friends