TEAS 7 SCIENCE

Explains the blood composition.

Plasma (55%) - contains water (92%), plasma proteins (7%), solutes (1%)
Buffy coat (

Names three formed elements in the blood and their proportions.

red blood cells (99%), white blood cells (

The formation of the formed elements is called \_________, occurring in \________.

hemopoiesis, red bone marrow

What is the normal pH of the blood?

7.4

The blood volume makes up for \_________ of the total body weight (4L - 7L)

7%

Compares the size of formed elements from smallest to largest.

Platelets < red blood cells < white blood cells

False (blood is more viscous, which affects the blood flow)

Water is more viscous than blood (True/False)

How many plasma proteins are there?

Albumin (60%) - carrier proteins for hormones, ....
Globulin (35%) - antibodies
Fibrinogen (4%) - blood clotting factors

transporting materials

What is the main function of the blood?

process of blood clotting to maintain homeostasis

What is hemostasis?

Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) ➝ platelet plug formation ➝ blood clotting

Lists the steps of hemostasis?

Arteries ➝ arterioles ➝ capillary ➝ venules ➝ veins

Explains the flow of blood from the arteries to the whole body?

septum

Ventricles are separated by \_________.

Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

How many layers of the heart wall are there?

parietal pericardium (epicardium) - outermost
visceral pericardium - next to myocardium

Explains the sublayers of pericardium.

Oxygen-rich blood from pulmonary veins ➝ left atrium ➝ left ventricle ➝ aorta ➝ body

Explains the systemic circuit.

coronary circulation

What is the oxygenated blood supply for the heart and cardiac muscle?

right marginal artery

Which type of coronary artery supplies right atrium and right ventricle anteriorly?

posterior interventricular artery

Which type of coronary artery supplies both ventricles posteriorly?

left marginal artery

Which type of coronary artery supplies left ventricular wall?

anterior interventricular artery

Which type of coronary artery supplies both ventricles anteriorly?

circumflex artery

Which type of coronary artery supplies posterior wall?

left side

In which side on the heart does it drain into great cardiac vein (coronary circuit)?

right side

In which side on the heart does it drain into small cardiac vein (coronary circuit)?

coronary sinus

Both great cardiac vein and small cardiac vein drains into \____________.

atrial contraction, ventricular relaxation

A complete cardiac cycle begins with \__________ and ends with \___________.

heart rate and rhythm

What does ECG record?

atrial systole
ventricular systole
ventricular diastole

P wave represents \___________, QRS complex represents \___________, and T wave represents \__________ in ECG.

120/80

What is a regular blood pressure?

number of cardiac cycle per given time x 10
(1 second has 2 cardiac cycles)
example: normal heart rate in 6 seconds \= 6 x 2 x 10 \= 120

How to count the heart rate based on ECG?

SA node (peacemaker) \= triggers P wave ➝ AV node \= triggers PR segment ➝ AV bundle ➝ Pukinje fiber (both trigger QRS comlex)

Explains the pathway of electrical impulse.

four:
S1 (lub) - when AV valves close for ventricular systole
S2 (dub) - when pulmonary/aortic valves close for ventricular diastole
S3, S4 - blood flow back the heart

How many heart sounds are there?

S1

Which heart sound is loudest?

Erythropoiesis:
Myeloid stem cells in bone marrow are triggered by erythropoietin (hormone from kidney/liver) to differentiate into erythroblasts (immature)

What is the name of RBC formation process? Briefly explain.

heme ➝ biliverdin
Fe ➝ stored at liver or marrow as ferratin
globin polypeptides ➝ amino acid

Briefly explains the red blood cell deduction?

three: intrinsic, extrinsic, common

How many pathways of clotting mechanism?

damaged tissue triggers thromboblastin \=\> cascade reaction \=\> prothrombin activator
prothrombin converts prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Briefly explains the extrinsic clotting mechanism.

Damaged tissue triggers factor XII \=\> prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Briefly explains the intrinsic clotting mechanism.

4

How many oxygen molecule each red blood cell can carry?

O2 and CO2

What types of gas can be transported by hemoglobin?

oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin that carries O2 is called \_________.

carbaminoglobin

Hemoglobin that carries CO2 is called \_________.

neutrophils

Which leukocytes have the largest population?

neutrophils

Which leukocytes are the first defense line?

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, NK cells

Names all granulocytes.

basophils, histamine

Which leukocytes release histamine?

the blood supply of the brain is blocked

Stroke happens when \_______________.

heart attack

Myocardial infarction is also known as \__________.

the blood supply of the heart is blocked

Myocardial infarction happens when \_______________.

ventilation

The movement of air in and out the lungs is called \__________.

TIA

The temporary blockage of brain's blood supply causes \__________.

aneurysm

Internal bleeding due to the blood vessel rupture is called \________.

atherosclerosis

The formation of plaque on the blood vessel wall is called \__________.

inspiration, expiration

Ventilation includes \_____________.

Pleura

What is the serous membrane surrounding the lungs?

parietal pleura faces the thoracic cavity
visceral pleura wraps the lungs
pleura fluid in between

Briefly explains the structure of pleura.

acidic (respiratory acidosis)

When CO2 level in the blood is too high, the blood pH will become \______.

alkaline (respiratory alkalosis)

When CO2 level in the blood is too low the blood pH will become \______.

External respiration - blood-lung gas exchange
Internal respiration - blood-tissue gas exchange

What is external and internal respiration?

brainstem and pons of medulla

Which part of the brain controls respiration?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Upper respiratory tract consists of \___________________.

trachea, brochi, lungs

Lower respiratory tract consists of \______________.

larynx

Anatomic name of voice box is \_______________.

vocal cord

Glottis is also known as \___________.

trachea

What is another name of windpipe?

nasal conchae

Which structure warms up and moisturizes the air inhaled?

soft palate

Which structure shuts the nasopharynx when swallowing food?

epiglottis

Which structure shuts the larynx when swallowing food?

thyroid cartilage of larynx

Adam's Apple is \___________.

higher sound pitch

Smaller vibration area on vocal cord causes \__________________.

right lungs

Which lung has more lobes?

goes downward, opens, increase, decreases

During inhalation, the diaphragm \__________ and the rib cage \__________ to \___________ the thoracic cavity volume, causing the pressure \___________.

air-conducting \= air is delivered to the lungs
gas exchange \= between air and blood involving alveoli, bronchi, ...

What are two respiration processes? Briefly explains.

pressure of individual gas contributes to the total pressure of gas mixture

What is the Dalton's law?

When the volume increase, the pressure decrease and vice versa
(V and P are negative correlation)

What is Boyle's law?

alveoli cell type I - produces mucous inside the alveoli
alveoli cell type II - produces surfactants

How many types of alveoli cells are there and their function?

three:
- CO2 dissolves in plasma (7%)
- carried by carbaminoglobin (23%)
- carried by HCO3- (70%)

How many mechanisms to carry CO2 in the blood?

tidal volume

\___________ is the air volume in the lungs after a resting breathing, normally 500 mL.

air volume in the lungs after a resting expiration

What is expiratory reserved volume?

air volume in the lungs after a resting inspiration

What is inspiratory reserved volume?

air volume in the lungs after a forceful exhalation

What is residual volume?

asthma

\_________ is the inflammation thickening the airway.

viral infection in lungs

What is influenze?

Pneumonia

The viral or bacterial infection causing the fluid in lungs is called \__________.

too high compliance (contract-relax)

What does Emphysema cause to the lungs?

digestive tract + accessory organs

Digestive system consists of \___________.

Digestive tract or GI

Alimentary canal is also known as \______.

peristalsis

Movement of bolus in esophagus is called \_______.

Movement by stomach to mix the food.

What is segmentation?

parotid gl., submandibular gl., sublingual gl.

Names three pairs of salivary glands.

inferior to the tongue

Where is sublingual salivary glands located?

antibodies (IgA), enzymes (amylase, lipase), protein mucin (slimy texture of saliva)

Which components is comprised in the saliva?

mechanical digestion (mastication, chewing)

What is the general function of oral cavity?

chemical digestion

What is the general function of stomach?

three:
- endocrine cells (G cells -gastrin)
- exocrine cells ( chief cells - lipase, pepsin, pepsinogen; parietal cells - HCl, intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption)
- mucous cells

How many types of gastric cells are there?

- receiving chyme
- neutralizing gastric juice
- absorbing Fe

What are the functions of duodenum?

jejunum

Which portion of the small intestine is the main site of absorption?

absorbing the leftover from former portions

What is the function of ileum?

ileum

Peyer's patches usually locate in \________________ of small intestine.

reabsorption of water, vitamin K (for clotting), biotin

What is the function of large intestine?