Biology Test #4

Polar Molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge

Hydrogen Bond

relatively weak bond that holds the large molecules together

Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine

Examples of Hydrogen Bonds

Cohesion

attraction between molecules of the same substance; creates surface tension

Adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances; ex: meniscus and capillary action

Isotopes

atoms having the same number of protons and electrons with a different number of neutrons

The number of protons and neutrons

When writing isotopes what do you combine?

Covalent bonds

atoms share electrons

Ionic bonds

atoms gain or lose electrons

Ion

atom with a charge

Octet Rule

atoms feel stable with full shell or 8 electrons

Valence

electrons in the outermost shell

# of protons or electrons

Atomic # equals

# of protons + # of neutrons

Atomic mass equals

homogeneous

the mixture is uniform (same) throughout

heterogenous

mixture is NOT uniform (different) throughout

mixture

blend of two or more substances (physically mixed-not chemically combined)

solution

mixture with one or more substances evenly distributed

suspensions

mixture of WATER and undissolved materials

solute

substance dissolved in a solution

solvent

substance that dissolves solute

concentration

amount of solute dissolved in a MEASURED/FIXED amount of solution

saturated solution

no more solute will dissolve

aqueous solution

water if the solvent (universal solvent)

acid

sour taste; H+: proton donor: Litmus paper=pink

base

bitter taste; OH-(hydroxide); proton acceptor; Litmus paper=blue

pH scale

measures the concentration of H+ ions

buffer

weak acid base that can react with a strong acid/base to prevent sudden or sharp change in pH

citrus fruits, tomatoes, soft drinks, tea

Examples of Acids

antacids, bleach, household cleaners

Examples of Bases

neutral

H+=OH-

more acidic

H+>OH-

more basic

H+

H

slightly positive

O

slightly negative

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the four types of Macromolecules?

C, H, O

Chemical makeup of Carbohydrates

1:2:1 (C6H12O6---->glucose)

Chemical equation of Carbohydrates

-structural purposes-main source of energy

Functions of Carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Three types of Carbohydrates

glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose/deoxyribose

Types of Monosaccharides

blood sugar

Glucose

found in milk sugar

Galactose

fruit & honey

Fructose

RNA sugar/DNA sugar

Ribose/Deoxyribose

sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Types of Disaccharides

Glucose + fructose

Sucrose makeup

table sugar

Sucrose

glucose + galactose

Lactose makeup

milk

Lactose

glucose + glucose

Maltose makeup

malt sugar

Maltose

glycogen, cellulose, and starch

Types of Polysaccharides

storage form of glucose

Glycogen

liver and muscles

Where is glycogen found?

clothes, paper products, wood

Cellulose examples

cell walls of plants

Cellulose is also found in

wheat, rice, corn, pasta, potatoes, bread

Starch examples

Isomer

have the same chemical formula but a different three dimensional structure

glucose, fructose, galactose

Example of an Isomer

they drop a water molecule in the process

When monosaccharides combine to form disaccharides or polysaccharides what normally happens

C, H, O

Chemical makeup of Lipids

more C & H (C57H110O6---->beef fat)

Chemical equation of Lipids

-waterproof coverings (waxes)
-biological membrane (lipid bilayer)
-long-term energy storage

Functions of lipids

Saturated Fats, Unsaturated fats, Polyunsaturated fats

Types of Fatty Acids

butter, beef fat, lard

Examples of Saturated fats

single bond (C-C); solid

Saturated Fats

olive oil

Example of Unsaturated fats

one double bond (C=C); liquid

Unsaturated fats

soybean oil, corn oil

Examples of Polyunsaturated Fats

2+ double bonds (C=C=C): Liquid

Polyunsaturated Fats

-carbon chain
-carboxyl group

Functional Groups of Fatty Acids

COOH; found at the end

carboxyl

fatty acids, waxes, steroids

Types of Lipids

Ear wax, waxy coatings on leaves, carnuba wax

Types of Waxes

helps keep microorganisms from entering the ear

Ear wax

helps prevent water loss

Waxy coatings on leaves

used to make floor wax, automobile wax

Carnuba wax

anabolic steroids, sex hormones, cortisone, cholesterol

Types of steroids

athletics-enhances effects of testosterone

anabolic steroids (PED)

terstosterone (M); estrogen, progesterone (F)

sex hormones

Treats inflammatory disease/arthritis.

cortisone (cortizone)

found in brain and nerve tissue; blood stream

cholesterol

stepping stones

What do steroids look like?

C, H, O, N

Chemical makeup of proteins

C6H13NO2 (leucine)

Chemical equation of proteins

-forms bone and muscles
-helps fight disease
-transports substances in and out of cells
-regulates cell processes and controls rate of rxn's (enzymes)

Functions of proteins

amino acids

Proteins are made up of; aka their monomer

no true monomer

What are lipids monomer?

-average protein is approximately 100 amino acids
-20 different amino acids

Amino acids

carboxyl group, amino acids, r-group

Functional Groups of Amino Acids

NH2; found at one end

Amino Acids group

Elements across from H; determines the specific amino acid

R-group

C, H, O, N, P

Chemical makeup of Nucleic Acids

C10H12O5N5P (adenine)

Chemical equations of Nucleic Acids

-provides directions to make proteins
-stores and transmits genetic information

Functions of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids are made up of; aka their monomer

Sugar Group, Phosphate Group, Nitrogen base

Nucleotides consist of

5-carbon; DNA; RNA

Sugar group

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA