Exam 2

Solar Radiation storm

acceleration of energetic particles(protons) in the atmosphere

warning time for Solar Radiation storm

7 minutes

Radio Blackout

caused when x-ray hits the ionosphere and disrupts radio communication

Warning time of Radio blackout

no warning time

what is the common space weather event on Earth

Radio Blackout

Ionosphere

a layer in the thermosphere

Geomagnetic Storm

compresses the magnetic field of Earth.

What causes geomagnetic storm?

Solar filament or CME

traveling time for Geomagnetic storm

2 days

what happens when Solar Radiation storm occurs?

high levels of radiation is spread

what happens when Radio blackout occurs?

GPS and Airline communication is disrupted.

What is the worst space weather event?

Geomagnetic storm

what happens when Geomagnetic storm occurs?

it creates ground current which can lead to the loss of Transformers or power grid

What happens to radiation belts during geomagnetic storm

More plasma in radiation belts leads to Satellite loss.

Necessities for wind Energy

flat and open space

Advantages of Wind Energy

versatile, small footprint

Disadvantages of wind energy

Wind farms are large, difficult to maintain, Aesthetics, interfere with Radars

What is the relationship between wind speed and blade

The larger the blade, the higher energy it conveys.

What happens when there is more wind speed and larger blades

More energy is conveyed

hydroelectric power

Electricity produced by turbines that turns potential energy into kinetic energy.

Necessities for hydroelectric power

Running water and Elevation change

Advantages of hydroelectric power

can be turned on or off, Multipurpose

Disadvantages of Hydroelectric power

Disrupts aquatic life, Silt, Dams are expensive to dismantle

What is the least efficient renewable energy

Geothermal Energy

Type of biomass

wood, garbage, crops, alcohol fuels, landfill

Advantages of biomass

versatile

Eliminate waste

Disadvantages of biomass

uses alot of water, Deforestation, releases greenhouse gases

Magnetosphere

area near a planet dominated by its magnetic field

What does the cavity do

it inspaces for solar winds

What creates the Aurora borealis

particles from solar wind get into the magnetosphere and create light by hitting our atmosphere

Altitude and Types of gases

What causes the light of Aurora borealis

Nitrogen and oxygen

What type of gases causes the light of Aurora borealis

Auroral oval

Area around magnetic poles where the aurora borealis happens

Green

The most common Aurora borealis color

low altitude oxygen

What causes green in the Aurora?

high altitude oxygen

What causes Red in the Aurora?

low altitude nitrogen

causes the color blue in the Aurora

Blue

The least common Aurora color

Western solar flares

the most dangerous solar flare

Aurora Enrichment

storm causes the Aurora to move towards the equator and widens.

Van Allen Radiation Belt

A zone of charged particles captured outside of the magnetosphere

Protons

captured by inner belt

Electrons

captured by the outer belt

What does the color of the Aurora indicate

More solar activity

Differential Rotation

The rotation of the sun at different latitudes and speed.

Carrington Rotation

The average rotation of the sun which the equator is faster than the poles.

How long does it take for the sun to rotate?

27 days

Sunspots

magnetic fields pop through the photosphere

what happens when a sunspot is formed?

convection stop & plasma cools down

Solar filament

giant loops of plasma that has cooled and lifted off the photosphere.

What part of the sun does solar filament happens?

the front

Solar prominence

giant loops of plasma that cooled & lifted off the surface but occurs on the side of the sun.

Why are solar prominence dangerous?

They can destroy our atmosphere.

Solar flares

The sudden explosion of electric magnetic radiation

What does solar flares contains

X-Ray and UV light

Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)

Eruption of plasma(hydrogen)

What does CME contain

interdimensional Magnetic field

Solar Cycle

The 11 years cycle of magnetic activities of the sun.

How is solar cycle tracked?

sunspots.

Hale’s Polarity law

1. Sunspot pair polarity in the North is opposite to the south hemisphere.

2. New Sunspots have opposite polarity of the previous.

Indicators of a New Solar Cycle

1. New Sunspots are opposite to the previous year

2. New sunspots appear farther from the equator.

what happen to sunspots during the solar cycle?

Sunspots move toward the equator during a solar cycle.

what happens during a solar cycle?

The magnetic field of the sun flips (Solar maximum)

Star

A celestial body that fuses hydrogen into helium

The internal structure of the sun

the core, Radiative zone, convection zone

conduction

The transfer of heat through solid

Convention

The transfer of heat through fluid

Radiation

The transfer of heat by photon (light)

Ways to transfer heat

Conductive , Convective, Radiation

The composition of the sun

74% hydrogen, 25% helium, 1% metal

What state of matter is the sun made up for?

plasma

layers of the sun

photosphere, chromosphere, Solar Transition Region, Corona

Chromosphere

second layer of the sun atmosphere.

Solar Transition Region

The thin layer where temperature increases

Corona

The outer layer of the sun

Solar Wind

The corona boiling away into space (hydrogen)

What does solar wind carries?

They carry interplanetary magnetic field.

fusion

The combining of two lighter nuclei to make a large one

strong force

binds proton and neutrons together

How does the strong forces work in fusion?

Stops the repelling of protons

What is the Q factor

Energy out/Energy in

Advantages of Nuclear fusion

More energy, Renewable, No decay heat, No radioactive waste

What is the by product of fusion

Steam and helium

umbra

The darkest of the moon

penumbra

The lightest shadow of the moon

Types of Solar Eclipse

Partial, total and Annular solar eclipse

Types of Lunar Eclipse

Partial, total and penumbral Eclipse

lunar month

29 ½ days

What causes lunar phases?

The orbiting of the moon causes lunar phases.

Is the moon ever dark?

No, one side of the moon is always illuminated.

How long does it take the moon to orbit the earth?

29 days.

Uranium oxide

A uranium element attached to oxygen

pellets

Made with Uranium 235

fuel rods

pellets

Fuel assembly

where fuel rods are placed