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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
augmentative communication system
a method for enhancing the communication skills of people with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or cerebral palsy by teaching them to point to pictures, symbols, letters, or words on a communication board or computer
autism spectrum disorder
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
conduct disorder
a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations
Down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
intellectual disability (ID)
A diagnosis received when one achieves a significantly below-average score on a test of intelligence and by limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100
joint attention
the ability to focus on what another person is focused on
oppositional defiant disorder
a childhood disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and in some cases, vindictive
parent management training
a treatment approach for conduct disorder in which therapists combine family and cognitive-behavioral interventions to help improve family functioning and help parents deal with their children more effectively
selective mutism
developmental disorder characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other situations
separation anxiety disorder
Excessive, enduring fear in some children that harm will come to them or their parents while they are apart
theory of mind
an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own