biological basis diabetes

exam 3: diabetes

people who have diabetes have a higher risk of:

blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, stroke, and loss of toes/feet/legs

type 1 diabetes makes up approx. ___% of diabetes

5-10

type 2 diabetes makes up approx. ___% of diabetes

90-95; can be prevented

your brain needs a continuous supply of __ to survive

glucose

define insulin

hormone secreted by beta cells in pancreas

insulin helps….

regulate blood sugar levels and store excess glucose for energy

describe the process behind insulin

eat food → carbs » glucose → glucose enters bloodstream → pancreatic beta cells release insulin → insulin allows glucose to enter body’s cell to provide energy

if your blood sugar is too high

insulin secretion occurs; glycogenesis converts glucose » glycogen

if blood sugar is too low

glucagon secretion occurs: glycogenolysis in liver breaks down glycogen » glucose » releases glucose in blood

gluconeogenesis: conversion of amino acids » glucose

how does insulin lower blood glucose levels

• inc glucose uptake by muscles

• inc conversion of glucose » glycogen (glycogenesis)

• suppresses glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (conversion of glycogen/amino acids » glucose)

• suppresses lipolysis (breaking down stored fat for fuel

how does glucagon lower blood glucose levels

• secreted by alpha cells of pancreas in response to low blood sugar

  • stimulates glucogenolysis in liver → causes a rise in blood glucose, keeping blood sugar levels within range

glucagon stimulates the release of glucose into the blood, T/F

true

type 1 diabetes is defined as

your body making little to no insulin because the loss of pancreatic islet beta cells

how can you manage type 1 diabetes

take insulin, check bgl

what happens to those with type 1 diabetes without insulin

glucose builds up in the bloodstream

fpg

fasting plasma glucose

fpg for normal

less than 120.

fpg for prediabetes

100-125

fpg for diabetes

more than 125

what is a precursor to diabetes

insulin resistance

define insulin resistance

muscle, fat, and liver cells dont respond to insulin & dont take glucose from blood

define how insulin resistance develops

pancreas produces insulin to help glucose enter cells, eventually insulin loses effectiveness and bgl increase

define gestational diabetes

hormonal changes make insulin less effective during pregnancy

common in overweight mothers

½ of women develop type 2 diabetes later

how does epinephrine impact diabetes

suppresses insulin secretion, promotes glucagon secretion (converting glyco. » gluco)

how does cortisol impact diabetes

inc levels of substrates (fuel) → ensures mobilization of fuels for body

what do stress hormones act as

anti insulin hormones!!

subsistence efficiency ratio (SER)

calories in vs calories out

if the liver becomes fatty, it…

doesn’t respond well to insulin signals

metabolic syndrome

when a person has at least three of these conditions

metabolic syndrome (thing in red)

fasting blood sugar levels are more than or equal to 100 mg/dl

rule of halves

½ are diagnosed → ½ receive care → ½ achieve treatment targets → ½ achieve desired outcomes

how can you reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes

eating habits, weight loss, increase physical activity, sleep