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How many breaths and compressions do you perform for each cycle of CPR?
2 breaths and 30 compressions
How do you treat a cut / gash on a person's arm?
With clean dressing, put gauze pads on the cut. Hold for 1 minute and state that you are holding for 1 minute. If bleeding continues, place more clean gauze pads and hold 1 more minute with more pressure. Bleeding should subside. Wrap arm with some kind of bandage to maintain pressure.
To preform CPR on an infant the rescuer should do compressions at a rate of _____.
at least 100 compressions a minute
A young man was standing to close to a fire and the hair caught on fire. The fire was extinguished quickly but the skin on the forehead is mildly burned. You should ______.
Cool the burn with cold but not ice-cold water
What are the steps to checking a unconscious person?
Make sure scene is safe. Tap the victim's shoulder while asking "Are you okay?" Check for breathing and take carotid pulse. Give 30 compressions. Check for carotid pulse again. Begin CPR.
What are signs that indicate a medical emergency?
unusual noise, sight, odor, appearance, or behavior.
List some barriers to action.
presence of other people
unsure of victim's condition, type of injury or illness
fear of catching disease
fear of doing something wrong
being unsure when to call 911
Name the 3 C's of first aid.
check, call, care.
What do you check for prior to administering care to a victim?
scene safety
other victims
bystanders
signs and clues to what type of injury or condition victim has
ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation)
Who do you call prior to administering care to a victim?
911 or EMS.
How long should you check a victim's breathing?
10 seconds.
Define implied consent.
the assumption that a victim would give permission to treat them if he or she were conscious.
List some key facts about the transmission of disease.
can be airborne, in a fluid, or vector (bite)
injured person must be infected for transmission to occur
rescuer has to have a break in skin
there must be sufficient amount of pathogens
Define pathogen.
a disease causing microorganism.
Provide care for first 2 minutes under what circumstances?
unconscious adult, adolescent, or infant
witnessed collapse
Call FIRST under what circumstances?
cardiac emergencies
drowning victims
unwitnessed collapse
List the respiratory organs.
airway (which consists of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi)
lungs
What is the function of the respiratory system?
supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide by breathing.
List some common respiratory system problems.
asthma
respiratory distress
respiratory arrest
List the circulatory organs.
heart
blood
blood vessels
Which direction do arteries pump blood?
away from the heart.
Which direction do veins pump blood?
towards the heart.
What is the function of the circulatory system?
transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and removes waste products.
List some common circulatory system problems.
cardiac arrest
heart attacks
blood clots
List the nervous system organs.
brain
spinal cord
nerves
What is the function of the nervous system?
transmits messages to and from the brain to regulate all of the body and its systems.
List some common nervous system problems.
paralysis
seizures
strokes
concussions
fainting
loss of consciousness.
List the musculoskeletal organs.
bones
muscles
ligaments
tendons
What organs can you strain?
tendons
What organs can you sprain?
ligaments and muscles
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
provides framework, protects internal organs, and allows movement and heat.
List some common musculoskeletal system problems.
breaks
tears
sprains
strains
fractures
List the integumentary organs.
skin
nails
hair
What is the function of the integumentary system?
prevents infection and dehydration, and regulates body temperature.
List some common integumentary system problems.
breaks
tears
punctures
lacerations
abrasions
List the digestive organs.
mouth
esophagus
stomach
intestines
liver
pancreas
gallbladder
What is the function of the digestive system?
breaks down food to supply body with energy.
List some common digestive system problems.
ulcers
choking
allergies
food poisoning
List the endocrine organs.
glands.
What is the function of the endocrine system?
secretes hormones into blood.
List some common endocrine system problems.
diabetes
List the genitourinary organs.
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
penis (males)
testes (males)
vagina (females)
ovaries (females)
uterus (females)
What is the function of the genitourinary system?
reproduces offspring, removes waste, and regulates water balance.
List some common genitourinary system problems
dehydration
infections
What is the medical term for a bruise?
ecchymosis
List body cavities from head to toe.
cranial
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
List some common breathing emergencies.
choking
illnesses
asthma
electrocution
shock
drowning
heart attack
allergic reactions
drugs
emphysema
bronchitis
croup
hyperventilation
Define asthma.
a condition that narrows the breathing passages and makes it difficult to breathe, caused by a spasm of the muscle lining in the bronchi.
List the signs and symptoms of asthma.
wheezing
difficulty breathing
painful breathing
List the treatments for asthma.
medications (inhaler, etc.)
fresh air
Define bronchitis.
a disease resulting in inflammation of the lining of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
List the signs and symptoms of bronchitis.
persistent cough
chest tightness
difficulty breathing
List the treatments for bronchitis.
antibiotics
Define anaphylactic shock.
a severe allergic reaction that can restrict and swell a person's chest cavity and cause death.
List the causes of anaphylactic shock.
insect stings
certain foods
medication
List the symptoms of anaphylactic shock.
chest tightness
swelling of throat, face, and neck
difficulty breathing
dizziness
confusion
List the treatments for anaphylactic shock.
injection of epinephrine, followed by the activation of EMS
Define croup.
a common viral illness in children that causes swelling of the tissues around the vocal cords, characterized by a "seal bark" type of cough.
List the treatments for croup.
fresh cool air
steamy bathroom
Define epiglottitis.
a bacterial infection that causes severe inflammation of the epiglottis.
What are the signs of epiglottitis?
appear ill
fever
sore throat
the need to sit up in order to breathe
drooling
difficulty swallowing
What are the treatments for epiglottitis?
antibiotics
Define hyperventilation.
occurs when breathing is faster than normal, imbalance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, occurs in nervous people, people who are in shock and tense.
List the treatments for hyperventilation.
relax the victim
Describe general respiratory distress care.
Call 911. Help victim rest comfortably. Monitor ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation). Keep victim from overheating or chilling. Assist victim in taking medications.
Respiratory distress can lead to _____.
respiratory arrest, body system deterioration, cardiac arrest, or death.
List the two types of choking.
anatomical & mechanical.
Describe the techniques used to stop choking.
5 back blows 5 abdominal thrusts
List the symptoms of a heart attack.
chest pain
chest heaviness
pale skin
weak pulse
nausea
vomiting
pain radiating to left arm
indigestion
shortness of breath
sweating
Describe proper heart attack care.
Call 911. Rest victim in comfortable position. Give victim nitroglycerin under tongue if available (1 every 3 minutes). Monitor ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation).
Describe adult CPR guidelines.
2 hands on sternum
compress 1 1/2 inches to 2 inches
30:2 compression to breaths ratio
5 cycles in 2 minutes.
Describe child CPR guidelines.
1 hand on chest
rescue breathing rate is one every 3 seconds
compress 1 inch to 1 1/2 inches
5 cycles in 2 minutes.
30:2 compression to breaths ratio
Describe infant CPR guidelines.
2 fingers
rescue breathing rate is one every 3 seconds
mouth covers over mouth and nose during rescue breathing
compress 1/2 inch to 1 inch
5 cycles in 2 minutes.
Describe the adult chain of survival.
early activation of EMS
early CPR
rapid defribrillation
advanced life support
post-cardiac arrest care
Describe the pediatric chain of survival
prevention of arrest
early CPR
rapid activation of EMS
advanced life support
post-cardiac arrest care
When do you stop CPR?
The rescuer should try not to stop. However, he or she may if:
he or she becomes so exhausted they cannot continue
someone of equal or greater training comes to take over
his or her personal safety is in danger (as in the scene is not safe)
the victim is pronounced dead by a medical doctor
List some of the causes of cardiac arrest.
drugs
respiratory arrest
drowning
electrocution
weak heart
suffocation
firearm injuries
poison
genetic history factors
Define clotting.
process which blood thickens at a wound site to seal a hole or tear and stop bleeding.
Define direct pressure.
pressure applied on a wound to control bleeding
Define hemorrhage.
loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time.
List the signs of internal bleeding.
discoloration
tenderness
swollen, hard tissues
anxiety
restlessness
rapid breathing
cool, moist, pale skin
nausea
vomiting
excessive thirst
declining level of consciousness
Describe proper closed wound care.
Apply direct pressure. Apply cold pack. Call 911 if severe.
Describe minor open wound care.
Wash out. Apply sterile dressing with direct pressure. Apply antibiotic ointment.
Describe major open wound care.
DO NOT WASH. Apply clean dressing with direct pressure. Bandage. Call 911.
Describe care given for wounds caused by embedded objects.
Do NOT remove object unless it is preventing breathing. Use bulky bandages. Be careful not to further move object. Control bleeding. Call 911.
List some of the causes of burns.
heat
chemicals
electricity
solar radiation.
List the signs and symptoms of first degree burns.
red, dry skin
area is painful
area is swollen (superficial)
List the signs and symptoms of second degree burns.
red, wet, skin
open and closed blisters
skin spotted and blotchy
area is painful
area is swollen
area is deep
List the signs and symptoms of third degree burns.
brown or charred skin
tissue underneath appear white
painful may be life threatening
List the critical burn locations.
face
hands
feet
genitals
airway
Describe proper burn care.
Stop burning process (extinguish fire). Cool the burned area. Cover the burned area with a bandage. Minimize shock. Call 911 if third degree burn.
Describe Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
a serious tick borne disease caused by wood or dog ticks
List the signs and symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
spotted rash on ankles or wrists that spreads
fevers
chills
severe headaches
joint and muscle aches. early treatment is important because victim could die of kidney failure
List the signs and symptoms of Lyme disease.
tick bite
red rash (with bull's eye appearance)
fevers
chills
headaches
fatigue
flu-like symptoms contracted by deer ticks
List the signs and symptoms of stings and bites.
stinger present
bite marks
pain
local swelling
rash
hives
nausea
difficulty breathing
itchiness
Describe proper care for stings and bites.
Remove stinger by scraping with fingernail or credit card. Only use tweezers with ticks. Wash wound and cover with bandage. Apply ice. Watch for allergic reactions.
List the signs and symptoms of spider bites.
bite marks
sharp pain (black widow)
swelling and blistering (brown recluse)
pain
cramping
nausea
vomiting
difficulty breathing / swallowing
sweating
irregular heartbeat
Describe proper care for spider bites.
Call 911 as soon as possible. Antivenin will be needed
List the signs and symptoms of snake bites.
fang bite marks
pain
burning
swelling
tingling
numbness
Describe proper care for snake bites.
Wash. Apply ice and immobilize the body part. Call 911. Antivenin will be needed if pit viper bite
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