NREMT STUDY GUIDE 2022-2023

You are called to see a 65 y/o hypertensive female with squeezing chest pain that radiates down her left arm to neck and jaw. She says her heartbeat is faster, she is having difficulty breathing, and she has felt weak for the past couple of days. Which of the following is the most appropriate first step for this patient?

A) secure IV access

b) Place her in a comfortable position and administer supplemental oxygen.

c) do an ECG and defibrillate if there is an irregular rhythm.

d) carry out an initial assessment looking for any immediate threats to life.

d) carry out an initial assessment looking for any immediate threats to life.

Your team gets a call from an elderly female in the summer. Her 83 y/o husband, who has been vomiting and passing frequent loose stools for the past weak, has passed out. You get there and find a man lying supine on the floor with shallow breathing and Breathing Rate of 32. His lips are dry; his skin is cold; and his pulse is 128 BPM, weak, and thready. His BP is 78/50 mmHg. what is the cause of this presentation?

a) Septic Shock

b) Psychogenic shock

c) anaphylactic shock

d) dehydration

d) dehydration

You are carrying out a preliminary assessment on a 27 y/o female who was run over by a drunk driver while crossing the street. She is lying supine in a pool of blood and is lethargic, with agonal breathing and multiple abrasions, lacerations, and a crush injury on her left leg. Her skin is also cold and clammy because of shunting of blood to vital organs. Which organ is most important?

a) the heart

b) the brain

c. the lungs

d. the kidneys

a) the heart

A 22 y/o pregnant female in her first trimester starts bleeding profusely from her vagina after spotting for the past 2 days. On arrival at her home, she is conscious, cold but weak, with a HR of 132 BPM, RR of 28, and a BP 92/60 mmHg. Which of the following actions is most appropriate?

a) placing her in a supine position and administering supplemental oxygen

b) securing IV access and starting an infusion to increase blood volume.

c) Placing her in the modified Trendelenburg position

d) Starting her on supplemental oxygen

a) placing her in a supine position and administering supplemental oxygen

You are called by neighbors to attend to a middle-aged diabetic man who was robbed at home and pushed down a flight of stairs by his assailant. You find him lying at the foot of the stairs, conscious but complaining of a headache where he hit his head. His skin is warm, and his breathing is labored with a Pulse of 40 and BP of 80/48mmHg. The man has no visible injuries. What is the most likely cause of his presentation?

a) hypovolemia

b) trauma to his cervical spine

c)hypoglycemic shock

d) myocardial ischemia

b) trauma to his cervical spine

Your team is called to the scene of an accident where a sports car ran into an electric pole at high speed. The sole driver of the vehicle has manager to stumble out but has a shard of glass through his right arm; which is not actively bleeding. You determine scene safety; establish there is one patient; and, on primary assessment, discover that he is conscious but disoriented with a good pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. Which of the following will the patient most benefit from?

a) pull out the shard of glass, then apply direct pressure to the wound.

b) elevate the arm above the patient's head, then pull out the shard of glass.

c) apply the tourniquet proximal to the injury then pull out the shard of glass.

d) apply a tourniquet proximal to the injury and leave the shard in.

d) apply a tourniquet proximal to the injury and leave the shard in.

You want to apply a tourniquet to a 48 y/o male who slit his left wrist in a suicide attempt. Which of the following steps is NOT part of the procedure?

a) Wrapping your bandage distal to the slit.

b) Using a stick as a handle to secure the bandage

c) Writing "TK" on the patients forehead.

d) Folding a triangular bandage into four in a cravat.

a) Wrapping your bandage distal to the slit.

A 51 y/o female complains of burning chest pain radiating to her back, palpitations, and dizziness. She was diagnosed with hypertension 12 years ago but has been unable to take her medications in the last month. Her BP is 138/100; her pule is 30, and she is having difficulty breathing. Which of the following actions is most appropriate?

a) place the patient in a comfortable position, administer oxygen, and transport her quickly to the hospital.

b) allow the patient to rest in a comfortable position and administer nitroglycerin, as it is most likely angina.

c) give the patient antacids to relieve her peptic ulcer symptoms.

d) take a detailed history from the patient and her family.

a) place the patient in a comfortable position, administer oxygen, and transport her quickly to the hospital.

Your are called to an office complex where a 65 y/o male suddenly felt lightheaded with severe chest pain, which he describes as stabbing in nature. In your preliminary assessment, you discover that the man's BP is 89/ 60 with a weak radial pulse of 118BPM and a RR of 38. Your colleague who is assisting, counts a pulse of 96BPM in the mans other wrist. What is the most likely cause of this presentation?

a) aortic dissection

b) angina

c) neurogenic shock

d) congestive cardiac failure

a) aortic dissection

Your team is called to attend to a university professor who suddenly felt faint during a presentation. Her husband tells you she was diagnosed with hypertension 33 years ago but takes antihypertensive only when her BP is elevated. The woman complains of breathlessness and is coughing up pinkish sputum. On assessment, you find that she has a RR of 26, Sp02 of 94% with a wheeze and crackles on auscultation. Her BP is 70/62 with cold extremities. What is the most likely cause of the presentation?

a) Neurogenic shock

b) asthma exacerbation

c) cardiogenic shock

d) anaphylactic shock

c) cardiogenic shock

In an emergency you are giving CPR to a patient as the sole EMT. Which of the following is accurate about the methodology?

a) 30 chest compressions followed by 20 rescue breaths

b) 2 chest compressions followed by 30 rescue breaths

c) 30 chest compressions followed by 3 rescue breaths

d) 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths

d) 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths

In an emergency, you are using an automated external defibrillator on a patient. Which of the following is correct about the methodology?

a) CPR and defibrillation should be done simultaneously.

b) One shock should be follow by immediate CPR, beginning with rescue breaths.

c) Analyze the patient's rhythm after five minutes of CPR.

D) Chest compressions and artificial ventilation should be stopped when shocks are being delivered

D) Chest compressions and artificial ventilation should be stopped when shocks are being delivered

Your team is transporting a 56 y/o patient with suspected myocardial infarction to the hospital when suddenly he loses consciousness, he stops breathing, and his pulse is no longer palpable. Which of the following should NOT be part of your treatment regimen?

a) Rush the patient to the hospital while your co-responders administer CPR

B) Stop the vehicle, Commence CPR, and use the AED once it is ready

C) Analyze rhythm and deliver one shock if prompted by the AED.

D) IF a "no shock" message is delivered and no pulse is present, resume CPR and continue transport the the hospital

a) Rush the patient to the hospital while your co-responders administer CPR

In delivering HIGH-QUALITY CPR, which of the following is NOT correct according to AHA guidelines?

a) chest compressions should be hard, fast, and at least 2 in(5 cm) in depth.

b) allow as much ventilation as possible.

c) allow complete chest recoil

d) change compressor every two minutes or sooner if fatigued.

b) allow as much ventilation as possible.

Which of the following is NOT part of an emergency medical responder's job in an emergency scenario?

a) Verify scene safety.

b) Activate the emergency response system via a mobile device.

c) assess for breathing and pulse simultaneously within 10 sec.

d) if breathing is not present but pulse is felt, Start CPR with cycles of 30 chest compressions and 3 breaths

d) if breathing is not present but pulse is felt, Start CPR with cycles of 30 chest compressions and 3 breaths

You are called to a bank where a 35 y/o male has suddenly slumped over. He has agonal breathing with a weak, thready pulse. Bystanders say the man clutched his chest before collapsing. Which of the following steps is MOST appropriate?

a) monitor the man's vitals until the AED arrives.

b) Provide chest compressions until the AED arrives.

c) provide rescue breathing of 10 Breaths/min; check pulse every two min and commence CPR if it is absent.

d) Provide rescue breathing of 15 Breaths/min; check pulse every two minutes and commence CPR if it is absent.

c) provide rescue breathing of 10 Breaths/min; check pulse every two min and commence CPR if it is absent.

Upon arriving at the scene of an armed robbery, you find a security guard who fell after being pistol-whipped, hitting his head against the tiled floor. There is a pool of blood around his head and dark circles around both eyes. He is unconscious with a RR OF 30 and pulse of 120. He has cold limbs. To administer high-concentration Oxygen effectively, which of the following is applicable?

a) do a head-tilt/ chin-lift maneuver to open the airway.

b) Use a nasopharyngeal airway to ensure the airway is patent.

c) Use a cricoid pressure to ensure airway patency.

d) Do a jaw thrust without head extension to open the airway.

d) Do a jaw thrust without head extension to open the airway.

You are attending to a 27 y/o gymnast who complains of tearing substernal chest pain of one day's duration, which intensified while he was training at the gym. He confess he has been taking self-prescribed amitriptyline for his clinical depression and suddenly looks panicked and slumps. He has no pulse, he has no recordable BP, and no Respiratory effort is noticeable. What is your next course of action?

a) apply the AED and start defibrillation immediately.

b) start chest compressions immediately, giving 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths.

c) start rescue breathing, giving one breath every 6 seconds while waiting for an AED.

D) Move the Patient to the vehicle for immediate transportation.

b) start chest compressions immediately, giving 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths.

A 22y/o female wakes up with difficulty breathing, excruciating chest pain, and a cough producing yellowish sputum. She also has severe right shoulder pain, which began suddenly while driving home from work yesterday. She is pale and warm to the touch. Her RR is 34, SP02 is 90% with a pulse rate of 100BPM. The woman volunteers that her genotype is SS (sickle cell). Which of the following interventions is most appropriate?

a)commence supplementary oxygen and keep the patient warm.

b) move the patient to the vehicle for immediate transportation to the hospital.

c) support the patients respiration with a BVM and oxygen.

d) Call 911 and follow the instructions

a)commence supplementary oxygen and keep the patient warm.

A 51 y/o female who thinks she was bitten on her right foot by a snake a few hours ago while gardening says she has been continuously bleeding from the bite site and noticed blood on her gums. Which of the following will be LEAST beneficial for this patient?

a) ensure scene safety for yourself and the patient.

b) apply a tourniquet proximal to the bite site.

c) reassure the patient she will not die from the snakebite

d) Ensure airway, breathing, and circulation, and give oxygen if appropriate.

b) apply a tourniquet proximal to the bite site.

Functions of the respiratory system include all EXCEPT which of the follow?

a)filtration of particulate matter from circulation

b)water balance

c) metabolism of certain drugs and enzymes.

d) tissue respiration by uptake of CO2

d) tissue respiration by uptake of CO2

At the scene of an automobile accident, the patient is lying unconscious. Which of the following maneuvers is required in opening the airway if the neck injury is suspected?

a)head tilt/ chin-lift

b) jaw thrust

c) modified head-thrust

d) neck tilt

b) jaw thrust

A 55 yo obese female complains of sudden onset of breathlessness, unilateral left leg swelling, lower calf pain, and chest pain after a 12-hour flight. You auscultate and hear a localized wheeze. BP is 150/90, pulse is 114BPM; SP02 IS 80%. What is the appropriate intervention?

a) administer a corticosteroid inhaler.

b) elevate the foot of the bed

c) commence chest compressions

d) administer oxygen

d) administer oxygen

Parts of the upper airway include all EXCEPT which of the following?

a) Mouth

b) Nostril

c) Nasopharynx

D) Trachea

D) Trachea

Choose the best option concerning Inspiration?

a) The chest cavity decreases in size

B) The diaphragm moves downward and inward.

c) The Diaphragm relaxed, and the ribs are moved outward by the intercostal muscle.

d)Inspiration produces a slight negative pressure inside the thoracic cavity.

d)Inspiration produces a slight negative pressure inside the thoracic cavity.

Which of the following is a part of the lower airway?

a) Larynx

b) Pharynx

c) Nares

d) Bronchioles

d) Bronchioles

What is the primary drive for respiratory control?

a) Reduced oxygen saturation in the blood

b) Increased carbon dioxide saturation in the blood

c) Reduced lung compliance

d) Reduced hemoglobin concentration in blood

b) Increased carbon dioxide saturation in the blood

A 70 y/o COPD patient complains of shortness of breath. He is dyspneic, cyanosed, flaring, and breathing with accessory muscles. He can barely complete a sentence. His respiratory rate is 30; SP02 is 90%. On auscultation, crackles are heard in the lower lung zones with diminished breath sounds. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the man's distress?

a) Respiratory distress

b) Respiratory failure

c)Respiratory arrest

D) cardiac arrest.

A) RESPIRATORY DISTRESS

A 30 y/o female is visibly shaken and hysterical after a robbery. Her respiratory rate is 28, BP IS 160/90, Pulse rate 116, and SP02 95%. What should you do?

a) administer oxygen via nasal cannula

b) Reassure the patient and perform a secondary assessment

c) Encourage the patient to breathe into a paper bag

d) Administer an antihypertensive.

b) Reassure the patient and perform a secondary assessment

A 60 y/o female with a history of COPD is having difficulty remaining alert. She looks tired. Her skin is cool and clammy. Blood pressure is 140/90, pulse 120, SP02 90%, Respiration 10. Which of the following steps is appropriate?

a) commence BVM ventilation

b) give oxygen via non-rebreather mask

c) commence CPR

D) Assist the patient with a prescribed corticosteroid inhaler

a) commence BVM ventilation9

A 28 Y/O female with a history of allergic dermatitis and rhinitis presents with sudden onset dyspnea, chest tightness, and wheezing after exposure to pollen dust. She admits to occasional nonproductive night coughs before the incident. She is Afebrile. Her BP is 100/60, pulse rate 84, respiratory rate is 26, SP02% 94% and rhonchi are heard on auscultation. What is the most likely prehospital diagnosis for this patient?

a) bronchiolitis

b) Bronchiectasis

c) asthma

d) cystic fibrosis

c) asthma

The pathophysiology of the above patients condition is caused by which of the following?

a) Airway inflammation

b) Airway hyperresponsiveness

c) airway limitation

d) ALL of the above

d) ALL of the above

A 16 y/o male is receiving artificial ventilation after a near- drowning incident. He is peripherally cyanosed and apneic. His pulse rate is 40, weak, and low in volume. His BP is 80/50 and his breath sounds are diminished in lung zones. As an EMT attending to this patient, how will you know he is being adequately ventilated?

a) chest rises and falls with each ventilation

b) heart rate decreases

c) persistent cyanosis

d) none of the above

a) chest rises and falls with each ventilation

While resuscitating an unconscious patient, copious secretions cover the Oropharynx. You use a mobile suction machine on the patient. What amount of vacuum pressure should a properly functioning suction unit generate?

a) 250 mmHg

b) 200 mmHg

c) 300 mmHg

d) 400 mmHg

c) 300 mmHg

A 50 Y/O male with with a medical history of chronic bronchitis, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension is in acute respiratory failure. He is drowsy, lethargic, and responsive to painful stimuli. As an EMT at the scene, which of the following airway adjuncts should you use while providing positive pressure ventilation for this patient?

a) nasopharyngeal airway

b) laryngeal mask airway

c) laryngoscope

d) non-rebreather mask

a) nasopharyngeal airway

A 29 y/o male presents unconscious at home after an evening out with his friends. He has multiple needle marks on his left forearm, is unresponsive, and is making loud snoring sounds. His breathing rate is 8 and shallow. His pulse is 60 bpm, and his BP is 90/60. What intervention should you take?

a) commence CPR

B) give oxygen using a NRB

c) insert an oropharyngeal airway and begin ventilation.

d) lay the patient in the left recumbent position.

c) insert an oropharyngeal airway and begin ventilation.

A 72 y/o female who has a medical history of COPD, bronchial asthma, and a significant history of smoking, complains of sudden onset dyspnea and left-sided chest pain after lifting a heavy weight. She is in respiratory distress and speaking in short sentences. Her respiratory rate is 28, pulse 114, BP 130/60 and Sp02 IS 92% on room air. The woman has a rescue inhaler she uses occasionally. On auscultation, breath sounds are absent in the left upper lung zones with hyper resonant percussion notes. What intervention should you take?

a) help the patient into a comfortable position and administer supplemental oxygen.

b) give the patient her prescribed rescue inhaler.

c) encourage the patient to breathe into a paper bag.

d) give oral acetaminophen for chest pain.

a) help the patient into a comfortable position and administer supplemental oxygen.

A 70 y/o male with a significant history of smoking and alcohol intake complains of chronic cough with minimal expectoration of five years duration. He is dyspneic at rest, has pursued-lip breathing, and is rail-thin and flushed in appearance. Audible wheezing can be heard. He has a prescribed rescue inhaler. Pulse 104, Sp02 IS 85% on room air. What is the most likely prehospital diagnosis?

A) chronic bronchitis

b) Bronchial asthma

c) Emphysema

d) none of the above

c) Emphysema

Which of the following most accurately describes the pathophysiology of emphysema?

a) Destruction of lung parenchyma, leading to loss of elastic recoil and alveolar destruction.

b) Collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume.

c) hypersensitive airway responsiveness.

d) viral lung infection and subsequent inflammation.

a) Destruction of lung parenchyma, leading to loss of elastic recoil and alveolar destruction

Patients with emphysema are called pink puffers for which of the following reasons?

a) Polycythemia from hypoxia

b)Increased Epinephrine produce

c) Hyperventilation

d) increased blood supply to the skin.

c) Hyperventilation

A 60 y/o male with a medical history of copd and coronary artery disease complains of sudden-onset dyspnea and shortness of breath. Shortness of breathe has progressively worsened for four days since he had a sore throat, and he is unable to speak in full sentences. He has chest pain and coughs up purulent, yellow sputum. He also complains of bilateral leg swelling. On examination, he is febrile, stocky in appearance, and cyanosed, which worsens during coughing spells. He also has distended neck veins. Pulse 96 and regular, Respiratory rate 30, and Sp02 is 86%. As the EMT at scene, what should you do?

a) determine the man's blood pressure

b) give high flow oxygen via a NRM.

c) give supplemental oxygen using a venturi mask.

d) administer the prescribed rescue inhaler

c) give supplemental oxygen using a venturi mask

What percentage of oxygen does a Venturi mask deliver?

a) 96-100%

b) 90-96%

c) 20-65%

d) 24-60%

d) 24-60%

A 30 y/p female is sitting upright in bed; she is dyspneic and anxious. She speaks in short sentences and takes deep breaths. She wheezes while trying to breathe out. She also complains of a dry, nonproductive cough, which worsens in the evening. She has dry, eczematous skin that itches, and she has scratch marks all over her body. Which of the following is an appropriate intervention?

a) avoid oral corticosteroids.

b) administer injectable epinephrine.

c)administer oxygen using a NRM

D) Give the patient inhaled bronchodilators using a meted-dose inhaler.

D) Give the patient inhaled bronchodilators using a meted-dose inhaler.

You are called to attend to a 34 y/o female in a restaurant who is having difficulty breathing and speaking in a muffled tone. Onlookers say she was having a peanut butter sandwich for lunch when she suddenly became breathless. On examination, the patients skin is cool and pale, respiratory rate is 24, and wheezing can be heard bilaterally on auscultation of her lungs. Her BP is 90/70, with a HR of 100. What is the first step you should take in treating this patient?

a) give the patient an epinephrine injection.

b) administer high-flow oxygen via a NRM

c) encourage the patient to cough continuously.

d) perform an abdominal thrust.

a) give the patient an epinephrine injection.

A conscious 65 y/o male is noticed to be having difficulty breathing. On examination, he purses his lips as he tries to exhale, and he uses his accessory muscles on respiration. He appears thin, and his skin is pink. There is a history of cigarette smoking, and Sp02 is 92%. How will you manage this patient?

a) ask him to sit up with his legs hanging off the bed.

b) supply oxygen via BVM

C) administer low-flow oxygen via nasal cannula.

d) collect a further history from the patient.

C) administer low-flow oxygen via nasal cannula.

A 69 y/o female is found lying unresponsive with shallow respiration at a rate of 6. She has overdosed on her opioid analgesic medication. What is the next step in this patient's management?

a) insert an oropharyngeal airway

b) stabilize the patient's cervical spine.

c) administer low-dose oxygen via a nasal cannula.

d) administer IV naltrexone.

a) insert an oropharyngeal airway

During a practice session, a 16 y/o football player develops sudden onset of left-sided chest pain and breathlessness. On examination, his respiratory rate is 28, HR is 108, and BP is 110/70. His breath sounds are diminished on the left side of his chest, and his oxygen saturation is 94%. What should you do next?

a) help the patient into a comfortable position

b) administer the patients prescribed inhaler.

c) administer analgesics.

d) commence BVM ventilation.

a) help the patient into a comfortable positiona

A 12 y/o female is in respiratory distress but is alert and responsive. She complains of feeling a tightness in her chest and struggles to complete sentences. You notice she uses accessory muscles for respiration and has an audible wheeze. What should you do next?

a) assist the patient with her prescribed multi-dose inhaler.

b) encourage the patient to breathe into a paper bag.

d) encourage the patient to sit in a comfortable position.

a) assist the patient with her prescribed multi-dose inhaler.

You are attending to a 3 y/o female who was carried in by her parents. They tell you she has had a fever for the past three days and a cough that is raspy with a harsh sound heard on respiration. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a) Bronchopneumonia

b) Bronchiolitis

c) Croup

d) Common cold

c) Croup

You are the EMT responding to a call from a 54 y/o female with difficulty breathing. She reports feeling cold and experiencing flu-like symptoms in the last 12 days. There is chest pain when she coughs, with production of yellow sputum. What should you be done for this patient?

a) administer chest compressions

b) administer oxygen via BVM

C)Assist the patient into a comfortable position

d) administer low-flow oxygen via nasal cannula

d) administer low-flow oxygen via nasal cannula

You are called to attend to a 53 y/o female with sudden onset chest pain. She has no history of trauma; However, she was on a long-distance flight the previous weekend. On auscultation, you hear a wheeze in the right lower side of her chest. There is also a positive smoking history. This is the first time the woman is having these symptoms. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a)Bronchopneumonia

b) pulmonary embolism

c) COPD

d) Asthma

b) pulmonary embolism

A 16 y/o male is preparing for a school quiz, which is scheduled to start in an hour. He suddenly becomes breathless and anxious. He also reports of numbness around his face and hands. His BP is 138/85 , with a HR of 100, breathing rate 30. What should you do?

a)Encourage the patient to use a prescribed inhaler.

b) administer oxygen to the patient via nasal cannula

c) Encourage the patient to breathe into a paper bag.

d) collect further history from the patient.

b) administer oxygen to the patient via nasal cannula

You are called to attend to a 65 y/o male who complains of epigastric pain, which started suddenly while he was taking a walk. He also feels pain around his jaw and he is diaphoretic. His BP is 130/80 with a pulse of 98. What is the next step in managing this patient?

a)Take a further history

b) prescribe antiulcer medication

c) assist the patient in taking his prescribed nitroglycerin tablet.

d) Place the patient in the lateral recumbent position.

d) Place the patient in the lateral recumbent position.

A 53 y/o male is found sitting by a sidewalk, breathless. He complains of weakness. You notice he has pedal edema. On auscultation, he has bilateral crackles in his lungs. His oxygen saturation is 94% respiratory rate is 30, HR is 98, and BP is 145/90. Which of the following will improve this man's condition?

a)administer oxygen via a nasal cannula

b) help the man sit properly and perform further assessment.

c) administer an antihypertensive

d) encourage the man to lie in the supine position.

a)administer oxygen via a nasal cannula

You are called to attend to a 45 y/o male who complains of sudden, tearing chest pain. On examination, you notice a respiratory rate of 30 and a thready pulse rate of 110. BP is 90/60. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a)Septic Shock

b) Aortic dissection

c)Tension pneumothorax

d) acute coronary syndrome.

b) Aortic dissection

You are called to attend to a 16 y/o female who has been febrile the last week. She is lying in bed and complains of weakness, diarrhea, and vomiting. You notice her skin is pale and dry with area of purpura. Oxygen saturation is 95%; her pulse and respiratory rates are elevated with a BP of 100/60. Which of the following interventions is appropriate?

a) encourage the patient to sit upright in bed.

b) administer supplemental oxygen.

c) perform a secondary assessment.

d) prescribe antidiarrheal medication.

b) administer supplemental oxygen.

Concerning CPR, which of the following is incorrect?

a) For adults, administer at least 100 compressions per minute

b) Begin CPR with chest compressions before ventilation.

c)For adults, space ventilation so that three breaths are delivered after every 20 compressions.

d) For pediatric patients, compress the chest to a depth of at least 1/3 to 1/2 of the total depth.

c)For adults, space ventilation so that three breaths are delivered after every 20 compressions.

You are called to see a 43 y/o male with peptic ulcer disease. He complains of nausea; weakness; and passage of loose stools, which are dark red to black. He was out with his friends last night and drank a lot of alcohol. His BP is 100/70 with tachypnea and tachycardia. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this presentation?

a) food poisoning

b) dehydration

c) anaphylaxis

d)gastrointestinal bleeding.

d)gastrointestinal bleeding.

A 63 y/o patient experiences breathless ness and chest discomfort. While you are carrying out a preliminary examination, he suddenly collapses and becomes unresponsive. Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of management?

a) apply AED pads, begin CPR, check for carotid pulse.

b) check for carotid pulse, begin CPR, apply AED pads.

c) Begin CPR, check for carotid pulse, apply AED pads

d) apply AED pads, check for carotid pulse, begin CPR

b) check for carotid pulse, begin CPR, apply AED pads.

Concerning sickle cell disease, which of the following is false?

a) It is more common in African Americans and Africans.

b) It occurs due to sickling of defective red blood cells.

c) sickled cells have a longer life span and more oxygen-carrying capacity.

d) If two sickle cell carriers have children, each child has 1/4 of a chance of developing the disease.

c) sickled cells have a longer life span and more oxygen-carrying capacity.

A 7 y/o child complains of chest pain and swelling of the hands and feet. You also notice a yellow tinge in his eyes. Both parents are carriers of the sickle cell trait. Which of the following is the patient most likely suffering from?

a) Vaso-occlusive crisis

b) Heart failure

c) Hemophilia

d) Dubin-Johnson syndrome

a) Vaso-occlusive crisis

According to the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale, which one of the following is correct?

a) Facial Droop- Patients can show their teeth

b)Arm Drift- Patients close their eyes and extend both hands straight out for five seconds.

c) Speech- Patients can say their name repeatedly.

d) Facial Droop- Patients extend their tongue.

a) Facial Droop- Patients can show their teeth

A 59 y/o male has had a stroke. He complains of headaches, nausea, and vomiting. On examination, you notice Bilateral limb weakness and blurry vision. Which cerebral vessel is most likely affected?

a) Left internal carotid artery.

b) Basilar artery

c) Right internal carotid artery

d) Middle cerebral artery

b) Basilar artery

You are called to attend to a 15 y/o male who is having jerky arm movements. There is also involuntary micturition but no loss of consciousness. What kind of seizure is this?

a) complex partial seizure

b) absence seizure

c) simple partial seizure

d) myoclonic seizure

c) simple partial seizure

Which of the following is false about West syndrome?

a) it is a rare disorder in infancy and early childhood.

b) it is also called infantile spasm

c) there is no mental retardation.

d) it includes congenital abnormalities, hydrocephalus, and epilepsy.

c) there is no mental retardation.

Concerning lennox-gastaut syndrome, which of the following is false?

a) It may cause developmental delays in children

b) sufferers of this condition have behavioral problems.

c) Seizures are atonic, absence, and myoclonic.

d) It is usually limited to children younger than two years.

d) It is usually limited to children younger than two years.

which of the following is characteristic of status epilepticus?

a) Seizures last for 10 min or more.

b) Seizure activity occurs multiple times with a 24-hr time frame.

c) there is the presence of an aura, and there are postictal periods.

d) seizures are generalized tonic-clonic in nature.

b) Seizure activity occurs multiple times with a 24-hr time frame.

Which of these medications is not commonly used in the treatment of epilepsy?

a) Carbamazepine

b) Phenytoin

c) Celecoxib

d) Benzodiazepines

c) celecoxib

A 26 y/o female is taking a walk when she has a sudden transient loss of consciousness. She has no significant past medical history. Which of the following best explains this presentation?

a) Syncope

b) Cerebrovascular accident

c) Transient ischemic attack

d) Seizure syndrome.

a) Syncope

A 25 YO male has difficulty breathing. His respiratory rate is 40. He is anxious and restless with an SP02 of 85% on room oxygen. Part of your emergency care is to keep this patient's airway patent, commence assisted ventilation with a BVM, and give supplemental oxygen. Which of the following tenets prohibits you from preforming endotracheal intubation?

a) duty to act

b) scope of practice

c) standard of care

d) civil law.

b) scope of practice

You attended to a 43 yo male who had a closed fracture to the right Humerus following a fall from height. You were able to splint the limb and immobilize the patient during transfer to the receiving center. A few weeks later, the patient sues you for negligence. For the patient to do this, he must prove all EXCEPT which of the following.?

a) causation

b) breach of duty

c) standard of care

d) duty to act

c) standard of care

Which of the following is an example of Battery?

a) Threatening to use handcuffs on a patient with alcohol intoxication

b) Applying a cervical collar to an unconscious patient involved in an MVC

c) Splinting the broken limb of a conscious patient without consent

d) Forgetting to inspect the back of a patient with a gunshot injury to the abdomen.

c) Splinting the broken limb of a conscious patient without consent

Emt Michael and his partner have just concluded their shift when an emergency call comes through the pager. There is no one available to answer the call, so they both agree to answer the call. Which of the following best describes their reason for doing so?

a) Duty to act

b) Beneficence

c) Veracity

d) Standard of care

b) Beneficence

You are attending to a 45 YO female who experiences crushing chest pain, difficulty breathing, and anxiety. She had an episode of syncope just before you arrived. As you do a primary survey, the patient tells you she is fine and does not wish to go to the hospital for ECG and management. You are expected to do all EXCEPT which of the following?

a) assess the patients alertness and orientation

b) explain the implication of the patient's refusal

c) document the patient's response

d) refer the patient to a psychologist for counseling.

d) refer the patient to a psychologist for counseling.

An EMT who has just attended to a 24 yo male with multiple fractures following a motor vehicle collision describes the patient as "drunk" to the emergency nurse in the receiving center. This EMT has demonstrated which of the following?

a) Bias

b) Libel

c) Slander

d) Insensitivity

c) Slander

You respond to a call to attend to a 75 yo female with apnea. On examination, her pulse is fast and thready and her respiratory rate is 6. The woman's caregiver says the woman has a DNR order. Which of the following responses is most appropriate?

a) Transport the patient to the ER

B) Commence BVM ventilation

c) Request the DNR certificate

d) Give IV morphine

c) Request the DNR certificate

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPPA) prevents EMTs from doing all EXCEPT which of the following?

a) Sharing patients information with friends

b) Sharing patients information with spouses

c) Sharing patients information with other crew members

d) Sharing patients information with the receiving nurse.

d) Sharing patients information with the receiving nurse.

You are attending to a 65 yo male who just had a fainting episode. On examination, his pulse rate is full volume and rapid. His respiratory rate is 24. He tells you he is scheduled for a visit with his cardiologist in a week and is not interested in going to the ER. Which of the following ethical principles should guide your response to the patient?

a) Veracity

b) Autonomy

c) Fidelity

d) Beneficence

b) Autonomy

As a leader of your response team, you are expected to do all EXCEPT which of the following?

a) Encourage all team members to wash their hands after attending to patients.

b) Ask for input from team members

c) Make all decisions in the field

d) Collect information from witnesses.

c) Make all decisions in the field

You are lifting a 35 yo male victim of a motor vehicle crash from the ground to the stretcher. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a) At least 2 people should lift this patient

b) Your spine should be locked as you lift.

c) You should keep the patient close to your body as you lift.

d) You should engage the muscles in your back as you lift.

d) You should engage the muscles in your back as you lift.

Which of the following is the most appropriate in carrying a 45 YO male who is conscious and alert, with no suspected injury to the spine?

a) Stretcher

b) Backboard

c) Stair chair

d) Reeves sleeve

c) Stair chair

Which of the following is not an indication for quickly moving a patient out of an environment?

a) Shock

b) Fire

c) Radiation

d) Spinal Injury

d) Spinal Injury

You are about to do an emergency move on a 35 YO male involved in a motor vehicle crash. The patient is caught underneath a vehicle. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) You should pull the patient along the long axis of his body

b) You should tug at the collar of the patients shirt

c) You should use the direct ground lift

d) You should drag the patient on a blanket.

c) You should use the direct ground lift

Which of the following positions is most appropriate for a 43 YO male who experiences difficulty breathing, chest pain, anxiety, cough, and cyanosis?

a) Supine

b) Fowler

c) Trendelenburg

d) Left Lateral

b) Fowler

Your team is responding to a mass casualty incident where victims have been exposed to radiologic agents. Which of the following precautions is not useful in protecting you and your team from exposure?

a) Wearing level A gear

b) Reducing the duration of exposure

c) Decontaminating with hypochlorite solution

d) Shielding the source of exposure.

c) Decontaminating with hypochlorite solution

Which of the following is the THIRD-leading cause of death in all age groups and the leading cause of death and disability in the united states among young adults (up to 44 YO) and children?

a) Trauma

b) Cancer

c) Drug Abuse

d) Gunshot

a) Trauma

Body tissues are occasionally exposed to energy levels. Which of the following statements is correct about the mechanism of energy levels on body tissues?

a) Energy levels are beyond the body's tolerance

b) Energy levels are repeatedly hitting the body

c) Energy levels come from a high-velocity object

d) Energy levels come from an object bigger than the individual.

a) Energy levels are beyond the body's tolerance

A 14 YO male was hit by a car while riding his bicycle. All EXCEPT which of the following are useful in assessing this patient?

a) The seating position of the patient

b) The form of restraint available and if it was used

c) The type of vehicle

d) The patient's level of consciousness of before the accident.

d) The patient's level of consciousness of before the accident.

A patient was in a motor vehicle collision. On examination, you notice a whiplash injury, which will require a neck collar for stabilization. Which of the following collisions is likely?

a) frontal collision

b) rear-end collision

c) lateral collision

d) rollover collision

b) rear-end collision

A 55 YO female had a domestic accident. On examination, the injury is not completely a penetrating injury but is a cavitation. The patient must have suffered from which form of penetrating injury?

a) Low velocity

b) medium velocity

c) High Velocity

d) Both b and c

d) Both b and c

A patient fell from a height three times his height. In considering the extent of internal injuries sustained, all EXCEPT which of the following mechanical factors should be considered?

a) Height of the fall

b) Type of surface the man fell on

c)Medical causes of the fall

d) Part of the man's body that hit the surface first

c)Medical causes of the fall

From the above case study (A patient fell from a height three times his height), Which factor should you not consider in measuring the severity of the injury from the fall?

a) Height of the fall

b) Underlying medical causes before the fall

c) Presence of the internal injuries from the fall

d) Family history of falls

d) Family history of falls

In eliciting a history from a patient who suffered a blast injury, you are informed that the patient was thrown against the object of injury. What phase of blast injury is likely?

a) Primary phase

b) Secondary Phase

c) Tertiary phase

d) None of the above

c) Tertiary phase

In accessing a patient with trauma, Which of the following will you likely NOT consider?

a) Mechanism of injury

b) General impression of the patient

c) Priority determination

d) Time of injury

d) Time of injury

You are evacuating a victim of trauma with a significant mechanism of injury. En-route to the hospital, what form of secondary assessment will your perform on the patient?

a) Rapid Examination

b) Detailed examination

c) Rapid trauma examination

d) Focused examination

b) Detailed examination

In assessing and managing trauma patients, all EXCEPT which of the following general ideas are correct?

a) Hospitals/ operating rooms provide better and holistic care for serious patients

b) Achieving balanced care for life-threatening injuries and transport of sever injured patients is vital

c) Identifying seriously injured patients is imperative

d) Only initial assessment decisions, without MOI determination, are important in actual patient care.

d) Only initial assessment decisions, without MOI determination, are important in actual patient care.

Your friend has a bruise following a minor fall down the stairs. Which of the following is FALSE regarding your friend's skin?

a) The epidermis will remain intact

b) Cells and blood vessels within the dermis will be damaged

c) There will be swelling and pain at the site of the injury

d) There will not be any discoloration at the site.

d) There will not be any discoloration at the site.

A 45 YO driver was involved in a head-on collision on his way to work. He is comatose and has severe traumatic brain injuries. An assessment of subdural hematoma is made. Which of the following is least likely to occur?

a) Collection of blood beneath the scalp

b) Damaged cerebral blood vessels

c) An insignificant amount of tissue damage compared to a contusion

d) Massive blood loss, up to a liter or more

c) An insignificant amount of tissue damage compared to a contusion

On your way home from work, you witness an accident where a car, on hitting a bystander, rolls over the person's thighs and lower abdomen. All EXCEPT which of the following pathological processes are likely to occur?

a) Rupture of internal organs

b) Preserved bony integrity

c) Severe internal bleeding

d) Hypoperfusion or shock

b) Preserved bony integrity

If you were to manage the above patient (On your way home from work, you witness an accident where a car, on hitting a bystander, rolls over the person's thighs and lower abdomen) What unlikely step would you take if you suspect hypoperfusion or shock?

a) Respond to the shock by restricting IV fluid administration

b) Treat the hypoperfusion

c) Splint any swollen, painful, or deformed extremity

d) Document all necessary findings on assessment.

a) Respond to the shock by restricting IV fluid administration